The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act – SEBI

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992 establishes SEBI as the regulatory body overseeing securities markets in India. Its core aim is to protect investor interests, regulate the securities market, and enforce transparency and fairness. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a renowned attorney in SEBI Act cases, skilled in handling various SEBI-related legalities. Here’s an in-depth look into SEBI’s constitution, its departments, work style, stages, procedures, and relevant legal sections under the SEBI Act.

1. Constitution and Framework of SEBI

SEBI was constituted as a statutory body under the SEBI Act, 1992, operating under the Ministry of Finance. Its primary mandate is to regulate the securities market, ensure investor protection, and foster the development of the securities market in India. SEBI comprises:

– Chairperson and a board of members, including two representatives from the Ministry of Finance, one from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and five other members appointed by the Government of India.

– Headquarters in Mumbai with regional offices across India, including in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Ahmedabad.

SEBI’s governance is reinforced by a multi-layered structure that enforces compliance with financial and securities laws.

2. Departments and Work Style

SEBI operates through multiple specialized departments, each tasked with various aspects of regulation, development, and enforcement within the securities market:

– Corporate Finance Department (CFD): Manages primary market regulations, handles Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), and enforces the disclosure norms.

– Secondary Market Department (SMD): Regulates stock exchanges, trading operations, and brokers, ensuring transparency in the secondary market.

– Legal Affairs Department (LAD): Provides legal support, interprets laws, and oversees litigation matters, including those involving securities fraud.

– Enforcement Department (ED): Responsible for investigating non-compliance with SEBI regulations and initiating enforcement actions.

– Investment Management Department (IMD): Manages regulations related to mutual funds, Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), and other portfolio managers.

– Market Intermediaries Regulation and Supervision Department (MIRSD): Monitors intermediaries like brokers, merchant bankers, and underwriters.

– Economic and Policy Analysis Department (EPAD): Conducts policy analysis and economic research to help shape SEBI’s policies.

SEBI’s work style emphasizes a proactive and preventive approach to regulation, with departments working collaboratively to ensure that investor protection and market development remain at the forefront.

3. Stages and Procedures under SEBI Act

SEBI follows a structured procedure to address cases, from investigation to resolution:

– Preliminary Investigation: SEBI initiates a preliminary investigation if there is suspicion of a violation, such as insider trading or price manipulation.

– Detailed Investigation: SEBI conducts a detailed inquiry based on initial findings, reviewing transaction records, financial statements, and trading data.

– Show Cause Notice: SEBI may issue a show-cause notice to the entities involved, asking them to explain or justify their actions within a stipulated time.

– Hearing: A hearing is scheduled where both SEBI and the accused parties present evidence and arguments.

– Order Issuance: After evaluating all evidence, SEBI issues an order which may include penalties, suspension of trading activities, or recommendations for prosecution.

– Appeals: Parties dissatisfied with SEBI’s decision can appeal to the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT), with further recourse available in the Supreme Court of India.

Advocate Paresh M Modi has vast experience in these stages, offering expert counsel during investigations, responses to show-cause notices, and in SEBI hearings, upholding his reputation as a notable SEBI Act lawyer.

4. Types of Cases Handled under SEBI

SEBI addresses various cases ranging from insider trading to unfair trade practices. The types of cases include:

– Insider Trading (Section 15G): SEBI takes strict action against those using non-public information to gain an advantage in trading, aiming to preserve market integrity.

– Market Manipulation and Price Rigging (Section 12A): Manipulative practices that influence stock prices or deceive investors are punishable under SEBI regulations.

– Unregistered Intermediaries: SEBI ensures that only registered and compliant intermediaries participate in the securities market.

– Corporate Governance Violations: Companies that fail to comply with corporate governance norms, especially public disclosure requirements, are subject to investigation.

– Public Issue Scams: SEBI monitors IPOs and other public issues to prevent fraudulent claims and maintain transparency.

These cases are meticulously handled, with SEBI aiming to ensure accountability and fairness.

5. Significant Sections under SEBI Act, 1992

Key sections under the SEBI Act guide SEBI’s regulatory authority and actions:

– Section 3: Establishes SEBI as a statutory body with the authority to protect investor interests.

– Section 11: Empowers SEBI to regulate the securities market, enforce rules, and develop market infrastructure.

– Section 12: Mandates registration for stock brokers, underwriters, and other market intermediaries.

– Section 15G: Outlines penalties for insider trading, a critical focus for SEBI.

– Section 15HA: Prescribes penalties for fraudulent and unfair trade practices, ensuring market transparency.

– Section 15J: Authorizes SEBI to impose monetary penalties based on the impact of violations and the extent of loss caused to investors.

– Section 24: Grants SEBI the authority to initiate prosecution against violators, ensuring compliance with securities laws.

Advocate Paresh M Modi, proficient in SEBI’s legal provisions, offers critical guidance to clients, assisting them through the intricacies of these sections during litigation and compliance proceedings.

6. SEBI’s Enforcement Mechanisms

SEBI employs a robust enforcement mechanism with steps tailored to detect and penalize non-compliance:

– Inspections: Conducts inspections of books and records of companies, brokers, and other intermediaries to ensure compliance.

– Investigation: Initiates probes into entities based on market intelligence or complaints.

– Adjudication: Appoints adjudicating officers to assess violations and determine penalties.

– Prosecution: In cases of severe violations, SEBI collaborates with law enforcement to prosecute offenders.

– Settlement: SEBI offers a settlement process allowing violators to resolve cases by paying a fine without admitting guilt.

Advocate Paresh M Modi has successfully represented clients through these enforcement actions, helping them navigate SEBI’s regulatory framework.

7. Recent Amendments and Developments

SEBI frequently updates its regulations to adapt to evolving market conditions. Recent amendments include:

– Enhanced Insider Trading Norms: SEBI has tightened insider trading regulations to include all persons who may have access to sensitive information.

– Algorithmic Trading Guidelines: SEBI regulates algo trading to curb potential market manipulation by automated trading.

– Investor Education: SEBI has prioritized investor education initiatives, providing comprehensive guidance on investments and market operations.

8. Common Defenses and Legal Strategies in SEBI Cases

Representing clients in SEBI cases requires strategic legal defenses and an in-depth understanding of market operations. Advocate Paresh M Modi utilizes common defenses such as:

– Lack of Intent: Demonstrating that alleged insider trading or manipulation occurred without any intent to defraud or gain unfair advantage.

– Procedural Lapses by SEBI: Contesting SEBI’s actions based on procedural oversights, such as inadequate notice or insufficient grounds for investigation.

– Lack of Material Evidence: Arguing that SEBI’s evidence is insufficient to prove non-compliance or misconduct.

9. SEBI’s Role in Market Development

SEBI’s mission includes developing a resilient securities market in India. Through:

– Capital Market Reforms: Introduces reforms to ease the IPO process and facilitate easier access for retail investors.

– Investor Grievance Redressal: Manages platforms like SCORES (SEBI Complaints Redress System) for addressing complaints against market participants.

– Corporate Bond Market Development: SEBI supports a corporate bond market to diversify funding options for companies, encouraging long-term growth.

10. Legal Procedures and Court Involvement in SEBI Act Cases

The legal process involving SEBI-related cases typically advances through the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT), with appeals possible in the Supreme Court of India. The procedural stages involve:

– Filing Appeals in SAT: Challenging SEBI’s decisions on grounds of factual or procedural inaccuracies.

– Further Appeals to Higher Courts: If SAT’s decision is unfavorable, further appeal options exist in the Supreme Court.

Key SEBI Acts and Regulations:

1. SEBI Act, 1992
   • Governs the functioning of SEBI.
   • Grants SEBI the authority to regulate and oversee securities markets.
2. Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA):
   • Regulates the stock exchanges and securities contracts.
3. Depositories Act, 1996:
   • Deals with the dematerialization of securities and the functioning of depositories.
4. Prohibition of Insider Trading Regulations:
   • Prevents unfair use of insider information.
5. Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers Regulations:
   • Regulates mergers, acquisitions, and takeovers.

Penalties Under SEBI Regulations:

1. Insider Trading:
   • Penalty up to ₹25 crores or three times the profits made, whichever is higher.
2. Failure to Comply with SEBI Directions:
   • Fine up to ₹1 crore.
3. Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices:
   • Fine up to ₹25 crores or imprisonment up to 10 years.
4. Non-compliance with Listing Obligations:
   • Penalty as per Section 15A to Section 15HB of the SEBI Act.

Persons aggrieved by an order of Adjudicating Officer passed under the SEBI Act can prefer an appeal to Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) under section 15T of the SEBI Act

Appellate Authority:
If aggrieved by SEBI’s orders, individuals/entities can appeal to:

1. Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT):
   • Time Limit: Within 45 days of the SEBI order.
2. Further Appeal to Supreme Court:
   • Time Limit: Within 60 days of SAT’s decision.

Advocate Paresh M Modi, based in Ahmedabad Gujarat, with his extensive experience and nuanced understanding of the SEBI Act and its regulations, is widely recognized for providing comprehensive counsel to clients involved in SEBI-related matters. His expertise spans SEBI’s regulatory structure, from corporate governance issues to defending clients against insider trading allegations, making him one of the top choices for SEBI cases in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. You can book the appointment on Office Landline no. 079-48001468 (During the Monday to Saturday, 10.45 am to 6.30 pm)

IN GUJARATI LANGUAGE

સિક્યોરિટીઝ એન્ડ એક્સચેન્જ બોર્ડ ઓફ ઈન્ડિયા (SEBI) અધિનિયમ, 1992 – સેબી

સિક્યોરિટીઝ એન્ડ એક્સચેન્જ બોર્ડ ઓફ ઈન્ડિયા (SEBI) અધિનિયમ, 1992 હેઠળ સેબીનો હેતુ એ શેરબજારમાં પારદર્શકતા અને ન્યાયપ્રાપ્તી સુનિશ્ચિત કરવાનો અને રોકાણકારોના હિતોનું રક્ષણ કરવાનો છે. સેબી અધિનિયમ સાથે સંબંધિત કેસોમાં એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી જાણીતા વકીલ છે, જેમણે સેબી અધિનિયમને લગતા વિવિધ કેસોનો સફળતાપૂર્વક સામનો કર્યો છે. આ શિર્ષક હેઠળ સેબીનું બંધારણ, તેના વિભાગો, કાર્ય શૈલી, કાર્યવાહી, વિવિધ પ્રકારના કેસો અને સેબી અધિનિયમની ધારાઓ અંગે વિગતવાર માહિતી આપવામાં આવી છે.

1. SEBIનું બંધારણ અને માળખું

   SEBI ની સ્થાપના 1992ના SEBI અધિનિયમ હેઠળ કરવામાં આવી હતી. તેનું મુખ્ય કાર્ય શેરબજારનું નિયમન, રોકાણકારોની સુરક્ષા અને બજાર વિકાસ છે. SEBIનું સંચાલન મુંબઇના મુખ્ય મથક સાથે દેશભરમાં અલગ-અલગ સ્થળોએ થીકાણો છે.

   – બોર્ડ ઓફ મેમ્બર: એક અધ્યક્ષ અને અન્ય સભ્યો, જેમાં નાણાં મંત્રાલયના પ્રતિનિધિઓ, રિઝર્વ બેંક ઓફ ઇન્ડિયાના પ્રતિનિધિ, અને ભારત સરકાર દ્વારા નિમણૂક કરવામાં આવેલા પાંચ સભ્યો હોય છે.

   SEBIનું માળખું તેના નિયમનક્ષમ મિશનને સુનિશ્ચિત કરવા માટે બમણું મજબૂત છે.

2. વિભાગો અને કાર્ય શૈલી

   SEBIમાં અનેક વિશિષ્ટ વિભાગો છે, જે વિવિધ ક્ષેત્રો માટે કામ કરે છે:

   – કોર્પોરેટ ફાઇનાન્સ વિભાગ (CFD): આઇપીઓ અને પ્રાથમિક બજાર નિયમન માટે જવાબદાર છે.

   – સેકન્ડરી માર્કેટ વિભાગ (SMD): બજાર વ્યવહારો અને બ્રોકર નિયમનનું કામ કરે છે.

   – કાયદાકીય મામલાઓ વિભાગ (LAD): કાનૂની સહાય પૂરી પાડે છે અને વિવાદોનું નિવારણ કરે છે.

   – ઇન્વેસ્ટમેન્ટ મેનેજમેન્ટ વિભાગ (IMD): મ્યુચ્યુઅલ ફંડ્સ અને અન્ય રોકાણ વ્યવસ્થાપકોને નિયંત્રિત કરે છે.

   SEBIની કાર્ય શૈલી અનુક્રમણાત્મક અને ચુસ્ત છે, જેમાં દરેક વિભાગ સહકારપૂર્વક કાર્ય કરે છે.

3. SEBI અધિનિયમ હેઠળની પ્રક્રિયાઓ

   SEBIનું નિયમન અને રોકાણકારોની સુરક્ષા માટે સુનિશ્ચિત પ્રક્રિયાઓ છે:

   – પ્રારંભિક તપાસ: શંકાસ્પદ પ્રવૃત્તિ પર પ્રાથમિક તપાસ.

   – વિસ્તૃત તપાસ: વધુ તપાસ પછી પુષ્ટિ મળે ત્યારે, વિગતવાર તપાસ કરવામાં આવે છે.

   – શો-કોઝ નોટિસ: નિવેદન અને જવાબ માંગવા માટે નોટિસ.

   – સનાવણી: બંને પક્ષો તરફથી પુરાવા અને દલીલો સાંભળી નિર્ણય લેવામાં આવે છે.

   – આદેશનું જાહેર કરવું: યોગ્ય નિયંત્રણ પગલાં લેવા માટે SEBI આદેશો જારી કરે છે.

   – અપીલ: સંતુષ્ટ ન હોય તેવા પક્ષો સિક્યોરિટીઝ એપિલેટ ટ્રિબ્યુનલ (SAT)માં અને પછી સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટમાં અપીલ કરી શકે છે.

   એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી આ સ્ટેજિસમાં અનુભવી છે અને પોતાના મકાન હક્કો માટે વિવાદોમાં પચાવાળા અને અભ્યાસુ છે.

4. SEBI હેઠળના કેસોના પ્રકાર

   SEBI અધિનિયમ હેઠળના મુખ્ય કેસો નીચે મુજબ છે:

   – ઇન્સાઇડર ટ્રેડિંગ (Sec 15G): શેર બજારમાં ગેરકાયદેસર ટ્રેડિંગ પર નિયંત્રણ.

   – બજાર કાવતરાઓ અને ભાવ જોડાણ (Sec 12A): શેરના ભાવમાં ભ્રષ્ટાચાર.

   – અરજીક Intermediaries: કેવળ નોંધાયેલા Intermediaries ને જ મંજૂરી મળે તે સુનિશ્ચિત કરવામાં આવે છે.

   આ કેસો નિયમન અને સંચાલનમાં ન્યાય અને પારદર્શકતા લાવવા માટે છે.

5. SEBI અધિનિયમની મહત્વપૂર્ણ કલમો

   – ક્લોઝ 3: SEBIને એક નક્કી સ્થિતીબધ્ધ સંસ્થા તરીકે સ્થાપિત કરવી.

   – ક્લોઝ 11: શેરબજારનું નિયમન અને વિકાસ.

   – ક્લોઝ 15G અને 15HA: અન્યોને ઇન્સાઇડર ટ્રેડિંગ અને ફ્રોડ માટે દંડ આપવામાં આવે છે.

   એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદીએ આ કલમો હેઠળ અનેક કેસોમાં સફળતાપૂર્વક વકીલાત કરી છે.

6. SEBIનું અમલ માળખું

   SEBIના અમલ મકાન વિજ્ઞાનો:

   – તપાસ અને સર્વેક્ષણ: કંપનીઓ અને Intermediaries ની તપાસ.

   – શાસ્તિ: દંડ અને સજા તેમજ પુનઃપ્રાપ્તિ માટે.

   – સમાધાન પ્રક્રિયા: દોષીઓ માટે દંડ ચૂકવીને કેસ નિવારણ કરવાનું.

   એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદીએ આ ક્ષેત્રમાં અનુભવી વકીલાત માટે સખત પ્રાધાનતા ધરાવેલી છે.

7. તાજેતરની સુધારાઓ અને વિકાસ

   SEBI નિયમોને સમય-સમય પર સુધારવામાં આવે છે. તાજેતરના સુધારાઓમાં:

   – ઇન્સાઇડર ટ્રેડિંગને લગતા નિયમોમાં સુધારા.

   – Algorithmic ટ્રેડિંગ માટે માર્ગદર્શિકા.

8. SEBI કેસોમાં સામાન્ય બચાવ અને રણનીતિઓ

   SEBI કેસોમાં રક્ષણ માટેની જુદી જુદી રણનીતિઓ:

   – ઇરાદાનો અભાવ: ફ્રોડ અથવા ગેરકાયદેસર લાભની દલીલને ખંડન કરવું.

   – SEBIની તૂટેલી પ્રક્રિયા: અપર્યાપ્ત ચેતવણી અથવા તપાસના આધારે કાર્યવાહી.

   એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી આ રણનીતિઓને નોંધપાત્ર રીતે ઉપયોગી બનાવે છે.

9. બજાર વિકાસમાં SEBIની ભૂમિકા

   SEBI રોકાણકારોની શિક્ષણ અને રોકાણની રક્ષામાં મહત્વપૂર્ણ ભૂમિકા ભજવે છે.

10. SEBI અધિનિયમ હેઠળ કોર્ટની કાર્યવાહી

SEBIના મુખ્ય કાયદા અને નિયમો:

1. SEBI અધિનિયમ, 1992:
   • SEBIના કાર્યોનું સંચાલન કરે છે.
   • સુરક્ષા બજારનું નિયંત્રણ માટે સત્તા પ્રદાન કરે છે.
2. સુરક્ષા કરાર (નિયમન) અધિનિયમ, 1956:
   • સ્ટોક એક્સચેન્જ અને સુરક્ષા કરારને નિયંત્રિત કરે છે.
3. ડિપોઝિટરીઝ અધિનિયમ, 1996:
   • ડિપોઝિટરીઝના કાર્ય અને ડિમેટિરિયલાઇઝેશનના નિયમોને આવરી લે છે.
4. અંદરની માહિતીના દુરુપયોગ પ્રતિબંધન નિયમો:
   • અંદરની માહિતીનો ગેરવપરાશ રોકે છે.
5. હિસ્સાના સ્વામીત્વમાં મોટા પ્રમાણમાં પરિવર્તન માટેના નિયમો:
   • મર્જર, એક્વિઝિશન અને ટેકઓવરનું નિયંત્રણ કરે છે.

SEBIના નિયમો હેઠળની દંડ અને શીકા:

1. અંદરનું વેપાર (Insider Trading):
   • ₹25 કરોડ સુધી અથવા નફાના ત્રણગણા જે વધુ હોય તેવો દંડ.
2. SEBIના આદેશોનું પાલન ન કરવું:
   • ₹1 કરોડ સુધીનો દંડ.
3. મકાબણું અને ન્યાયવિહીન વેપાર પ્રવૃત્તિ:
   • ₹25 કરોડ સુધીનો દંડ અથવા 10 વર્ષ સુધીની જેલ.
4. લિસ્ટિંગના નિયમોનું પાલન ન કરવું:
   • SEBI અધિનિયમની કલમ 15A થી 15HB મુજબ દંડ.

એપેલેટ સત્તા:
SEBIના આદેશથી અસંતુષ્ટ વ્યક્તિઓ અથવા એકમો અપિલ કરી શકે છે:

1. સુરક્ષા અપિલેટ ટ્રિબ્યુનલ (SAT):
   • સમય મર્યાદા: SEBIના આદેશ બાદ 45 દિવસમાં.
2. સુપ્રિમ કોર્ટમાં અપિલ:
   • સમય મર્યાદા: SATના નિણય બાદ 60 દિવસમાં.

SEBI એક્ટ હેઠળ પસાર કરાયેલા નિર્ણાયક અધિકારીના આદેશથી નારાજ વ્યક્તિઓ સેબી એક્ટની કલમ 15 T હેઠળ સિક્યોરિટીઝ એપેલેટ ટ્રિબ્યુનલ (SAT)માં અપીલ કરવાનું પસંદ કરી શકે છે.

SEBI સંબંધિત કેસો Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT)માં અથવા સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટમાં પણ રજૂ થઈ શકે છે.

Words Description OR Definition

Legal Consultant

A Legal Consultant is a qualified professional who provides expert legal advice, opinions, and solutions to clients in specific areas of law without necessarily representing them in court.

Consultant

A Consultant is an experienced individual who gives specialized guidance or professional advice to solve problems or improve understanding in a particular field, such as business, finance, or law.

Vakil

The term Vakil is a traditional Indian word meaning advocate or lawyer, authorized to appear and plead cases before the court of law on behalf of clients.

Advocate

An Advocate is a legally qualified professional enrolled under the Advocates Act, 1961, authorized to appear, plead, and argue cases before courts and tribunals on behalf of clients.

Lawyer

A Lawyer is a person trained and licensed in law who advises clients, drafts documents, and represents them in legal matters, including civil, criminal, and corporate disputes.

Solicitor

A Solicitor is a type of legal professional who prepares legal documents, offers legal advice, and conducts legal negotiations, but usually does not appear as an advocate in higher courts.

Attorney

An Attorney is a legal representative authorized to act on behalf of another person in legal or financial matters, including representation in courts, drafting, and consultation.

Barrister

A Barrister is a specialized court advocate who represents clients in higher courts and provides legal opinions, especially in common law countries such as the UK and India.

Legal Advisor

A Legal Advisor is a professional who guides individuals, companies, and organizations on legal rights, duties, contracts, and compliance with applicable laws.

Advisor

An Advisor is a person who provides expert suggestions or guidance in a specific field such as law, finance, or administration, helping clients make informed decisions.

Lawyers

Lawyers are legal professionals trained to provide advice, represent clients in legal matters, and advocate in courts or tribunals.

Advocates

Advocates are specialized lawyers authorized to appear and plead cases in higher courts on behalf of their clients.

Law Firm

An organization of lawyers providing legal services, advice, and representation to individuals and businesses.

Best

The “Best” signifies unparalleled quality and performance. It represents the highest standard in a field, offering reliability, trust, and exceptional outcomes, ensuring client satisfaction through consistent excellence.

Top

“Top” defines the pinnacle of achievement or ranking in a profession. It emphasizes leadership, authority, and superior expertise, ensuring outstanding results that surpass expectations.

Expert

An “Expert” is a highly skilled and knowledgeable professional with years of experience in a specific field. They provide dependable advice and solutions tailored to meet complex requirements.

Specialist

A “Specialist” focuses on a specific domain, offering in-depth understanding and dedicated service. Their proficiency ensures precise, efficient, and effective solutions for specialized needs.

Near Me

Near Me is a phrase frequently used in searches to find nearby services, such as lawyers, courts, or legal assistance within a user’s location.

Case

A legal dispute or issue brought before a court, involving parties seeking a resolution through judicial intervention.

Act

A statute or formal written law passed by a legislative body, governing specific legal areas or practices.

Chief Judicial Magistrate Court (CJM)

A subordinate court in India that handles specific criminal cases as assigned by jurisdictional authority.

Trial Court

The first level of the judiciary where cases are initially filed, evidence is examined, and judgments are rendered.

District Court

A court at the district level that handles civil and criminal cases, serving as an appellate court for subordinate courts.

Sessions Court

A higher court for criminal trials, dealing with serious offenses like murder, theft, and financial fraud under Indian law.

High Court

A state-level court with appellate jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases and powers to interpret constitutional matters.

Law

A system of rules enforced by institutions to regulate conduct, resolve disputes, and maintain order in society.

Criminal Lawyer

An attorney specializing in defending individuals or entities accused of criminal activities in courts of law.

Property

Tangible or intangible assets owned by individuals or entities, subject to transfer, sale, or inheritance laws.

Disputes

Legal conflicts or disagreements between parties, resolved through mediation, arbitration, or court proceedings.

Matters

Legal issues or subjects requiring attention or resolution under judicial or administrative frameworks.

Warrant

A legal document issued by a court authorizing law enforcement to perform specific actions, like arrest or search.

Summons

A legal notice issued by a court, compelling an individual to appear in court or provide evidence.

Bail

A temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, granted on conditions set by the court.

Jamanat

The Hindi term for bail, referring to the provisional release of an accused individual upon furnishing security.

FIR

First Information Report, a written complaint filed with the police to initiate an investigation of a crime.

Police Station

A local law enforcement office where complaints are filed, FIRs are registered, and investigations are initiated.

Court Case

A legal proceeding where parties present evidence and arguments to resolve disputes or seek justice under law.

Legal Services

Professional assistance in resolving disputes, drafting agreements, and representing clients in legal matters.

Legal Advice

Guidance provided by qualified lawyers to help individuals understand their rights, obligations, and legal options.

Section

A Section is a subdivision of an Act that elaborates on specific provisions, rules, or regulations under the Act. Each section addresses distinct aspects of the law.

Court

A Court is a judicial body empowered to resolve disputes, interpret laws, and deliver justice based on legal principles. Courts operate at various levels, including local, state, and national jurisdictions.

In

The word in signifies location, position, or context within a specific legal jurisdiction, region, or topic.

For

For refers to the purpose or intention behind an action, often used to denote legal representation or services provided to clients.

Near

Near implies proximity, often used to locate services, courts, or legal professionals within a specific area.

Ahmedabad

A major city in Gujarat, India, known for its vibrant legal services and home to prominent lawyers and advocates.

Gujarat

A western state in India, governed by state and central laws, with a robust judiciary system for justice delivery.

Gandhinagar

Gandhinagar is the capital city of Gujarat, hosting significant legal institutions and administrative offices.

India

India is a country with a vast legal system governed by the Constitution and various laws, hosting multiple courts from district to Supreme Court levels.

SEBI

Definition: Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory authority established under the SEBI Act, 1992, to protect investors, regulate the securities market, and ensure fair trading practices in India.

Share

Definition: A share represents a unit of ownership in a company, giving the shareholder a right to a portion of the company’s profits and assets.

Stock

Definition: Stock is the general term used to describe ownership certificates of any company. It represents the combined value of all the shares issued by a corporation.

Equity

Definition: Equity refers to the ownership interest in a company, represented by shares, after deducting liabilities from total assets.

Securities

Definition: Securities are tradable financial instruments such as shares, bonds, debentures, or derivatives recognized under Section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.

IPO

Definition: Initial Public Offering (IPO) is the process through which a private company offers its shares to the public for the first time to raise capital.

Investor

Definition: An investor is a person or entity who allocates money in financial instruments like shares, bonds, or mutual funds with the expectation of earning returns.

Broker

Definition: A broker is a registered intermediary who buys and sells securities on behalf of investors through stock exchanges.

Sub-Broker

Definition: A sub-broker is an agent who acts on behalf of a registered stockbroker and assists investors in buying or selling securities.

Depository

Definition: A depository is an institution such as NSDL or CDSL that holds securities in electronic form and facilitates trading through Demat accounts.

Demat Account

Definition: A Demat (Dematerialized) account is an account used to hold shares and securities electronically instead of in physical form.

Stock Exchange

Definition: A stock exchange is a marketplace where securities like shares and bonds are bought and sold, such as NSE or BSE.

Listing

Definition: Listing means the inclusion of a company’s securities on a recognized stock exchange to make them available for public trading.

Unlisted

Definition: Unlisted securities are those not listed on any recognized stock exchange and generally traded privately or over-the-counter (OTC).

SCORES

Definition: SCORES (SEBI Complaints Redress System) is SEBI’s online platform for investors to lodge, track, and resolve complaints against market intermediaries.

Insider

Definition: An insider is a person who has access to unpublished price-sensitive information about a company, such as directors or key employees.

Insider Trading

Definition: Insider trading refers to buying or selling securities using unpublished confidential information, which is prohibited under SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015.

Dabba Trading

Definition: Dabba trading is an illegal form of trading conducted outside recognized stock exchanges, avoiding SEBI supervision and taxation.

Mutual Fund

Definition: A mutual fund pools money from multiple investors to invest in diversified portfolios of stocks, bonds, or other securities, managed by professional fund managers.

RBI

Definition: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India responsible for monetary policy, currency regulation, and financial stability.

Insurance

Definition: Insurance is a contract in which an individual or entity receives financial protection or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company.

Derivatives

Definition: Derivatives are financial contracts whose value is derived from an underlying asset like stocks, bonds, or market indices.

Financial Contracts

Definition: Financial contracts are legally binding agreements related to monetary instruments such as loans, derivatives, or securities transactions.

Portfolio

Definition: A portfolio is a collection of financial investments such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other assets owned by an individual or institution.

Fund Manager

Definition: A fund manager is a professional responsible for managing investment portfolios and taking decisions to maximize returns for investors.

Dividend

Definition: A dividend is the portion of a company’s earnings distributed to shareholders, usually in cash or additional shares.

Shareholders

Definition: Shareholders are individuals or entities that legally own one or more shares of a company and have voting and profit-sharing rights.

Bull Market

Definition: A bull market refers to a period of rising stock prices, high investor confidence, and economic growth.

Bear Market

Definition: A bear market is a period characterized by falling stock prices, low investor confidence, and economic slowdown.

Rights Issue

Definition: A rights issue allows existing shareholders to buy additional shares at a discounted price before the company offers them to the public.

Bonus Share

Definition: Bonus shares are free additional shares given to existing shareholders by the company out of accumulated profits or reserves.

Underwriter

Definition: An underwriter is a financial institution that guarantees to buy unsold shares during a public issue and ensures full subscription.

Corporate Governance

Definition: Corporate governance refers to the system of rules, practices, and processes that direct and control a company to ensure transparency and accountability to stakeholders.

Contact Advocate Paresh M Modi

Mobile: +91 9925002031 (Only WhatsApp sms – Timing 9 am to 9 pm)
Office Landline: +91-79-48001468 (For  Appointment Only – Timing 10.30 am to 6.30 pm – On Working Days)
Email: advocatepmmodi@gmail.com
Website: www.advocatepmmodi.in
Office Address: Office No. C/112, Supath-2 Complex, Opp. Kohinoor Plaza Hotel, Near Old Wadaj Bus Stand, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad – 380013, Gujarat, India.