Author: Advocate Paresh M Modi

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Categories Criminal Cases

Detailed Explanation of Civil Suits Stages Delay Applications and Interim Relief | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Detailed Explanation of Civil Suits Stages Delay Applications and Interim Relief | Advocate Paresh M Modi


1. Meaning of Civil Suit (સિવીલ દાવો શું છે)

A Civil Suit is a legal proceeding initiated by a person (plaintiff) against another person (defendant) for the enforcement or protection of a private right. It generally deals with disputes related to property, money, contracts, ownership, possession, injunction, damages, or declarations. Civil suits are governed mainly by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC).

નાગરિક દાવો એટલે કે “Civil Suit” એ એક કાયદાકીય પ્રક્રિયા છે, જેમાં કોઇ વ્યક્તિ (ફરિયાદી/અરજદાર) પોતાની વ્યક્તિગત હક અથવા હકની રક્ષા માટે બીજી વ્યક્તિ (પ્રતિવાદી) વિરુદ્ધ કોર્ટમાં દાવો કરે છે. સામાન્ય રીતે તે મિલ્કત, નાણાં, કરાર, માલિકી, કબજો, પ્રતિબંધક આદેશ (injunction), અથવા નુકશાનની વસુલાત જેવા વિષયો પર આધારિત હોય છે. આવા તમામ દાવાઓ સિવિલ પ્રોસિજર કોડ, 1908 (CPC) હેઠળ સંચાલિત થાય છે.


2. Types of Civil Suits (નાગરિક દાવાના પ્રકાર)

English TypeGujarati TranslationExplanation
Regular Civil Suitનિયમિત નાગરિક દાવોFiled for ownership, possession, declaration, partition, or recovery.
Summary Suit (Order 37 CPC)સારાંશ દાવોFiled for recovery of money based on written contract or negotiable instruments.
Injunction Suitપ્રતિબંધક આદેશનો દાવોTo prevent someone from doing a wrongful act or interfering with property.
Declaratory Suitઘોષણાત્મક દાવોTo seek declaration about right, status, or legal character.
Possession Suitકબજો મેળવવાનો દાવોFiled for possession of immovable property.
Damages Suitનુકશાન વસુલાતનો દાવોFiled to recover damages for loss caused by wrongful act.
Partition Suitહિસ્સો મેળવવાનો દાવોFor division of joint family or ancestral property.
Specific Performance Suitકરારના પાલનનો દાવોTo enforce a written agreement (mostly in property sale).
Mandatory Injunction Suitફરજિયાત આદેશનો દાવોTo compel someone to do a specific act as per law.
Mortgage / Loan Recovery Suitકરજની વસુલાતનો દાવોFiled by banks/individuals for loan recovery.

3. Stages of a Regular Civil Suit (નિયમિત નાગરિક દાવાના તબક્કા)

(A) Filing of the Plaint (દાવો દાખલ કરવો)

The plaintiff files a plaint with the court describing the facts, cause of action, and the reliefs sought. It includes valuation, court fees, and jurisdiction details.

ફરિયાદી કોર્ટમાં દાવો દાખલ કરે છે જેમાં ઘટના, કારણ, અને માગવામાં આવેલા રાહત (reliefs) દર્શાવવામાં આવે છે. તેમાં દાવાની કિંમત, કોર્ટ ફી, અને અધિકારક્ષેત્રની માહિતી પણ સામેલ હોય છે.


(B) Registration and Scrutiny (નોંધણી અને તપાસ)

The court office checks whether the plaint is in order, properly signed, verified, and supported by documents.

કોર્ટની ઓફિસ તપાસ કરે છે કે દાવો યોગ્ય રીતે સાઈન કરાયેલ છે કે નહીં, ચકાસણી થઈ છે કે નહીં અને જરૂરી દસ્તાવેજો જોડાયેલા છે કે નહીં.


(C) Issue of Summons to Defendant (પ્રતિવાદીને સમન્સ જારી કરવો)

The court issues summons to the defendant to appear and file a written statement.

કોર્ટ પ્રતિવાદીને સમન્સ આપે છે જેથી તે હાજર રહીને પોતાનો લેખિત જવાબ આપી શકે.


(D) Written Statement by Defendant (પ્રતિવાદીનો લેખિત જવાબ)

The defendant files his defense in writing within 30 days (can be extended up to 90 days with reasons).

પ્રતિવાદી 30 દિવસની અંદર (કારણ દર્શાવી 90 દિવસ સુધી વધારી શકાય છે) પોતાનો જવાબ કોર્ટમાં રજૂ કરે છે.


(E) Replication by Plaintiff (ફરિયાદીનો જવાબ પ્રતિભાવ રૂપે)

English:
If needed, the plaintiff may reply to the defendant’s written statement to clarify or counter the defense.

Gujarati:
જરૂર જણાય તો ફરિયાદી પ્રતિવાદીના જવાબને પ્રતિભાવ સ્વરૂપે જવાબ આપે છે.


(F) Framing of Issues (મુદ્દા નક્કી કરવો)

The court frames “issues” — points of dispute that need adjudication.

કોર્ટ પક્ષકારોની વચ્ચેના વિવાદના મુદ્દાઓ નક્કી કરે છે જેના પર નિર્ણય લેવો હોય છે.


(G) Evidence Stage (પુરાવાનો તબક્કો)

Both sides produce oral and documentary evidence, witness statements, cross-examinations, and affidavits.

બન્ને પક્ષો પુરાવા, દસ્તાવેજો, સાક્ષીઓના નિવેદનો અને હલફનામા રજૂ કરે છે.


(H) Arguments (વાદવિવાદ)

After evidence, both parties present oral arguments and written submissions.

પુરાવા પછી બંને પક્ષો મૌખિક અને લેખિત દલીલો રજૂ કરે છે.


(I) Judgment and Decree (ન્યાય અને હુકમનામું)

The court delivers the final judgment based on evidence and issues, followed by a decree specifying the relief granted.

કોર્ટ પુરાવા અને મુદ્દાઓના આધારે અંતિમ ન્યાય આપે છે અને તેની સાથે હુકમનામું જાહેર કરે છે.


4. Delay Application (મોડું થવાનુ કારણ દર્શાવતી અરજી)

If the plaintiff or defendant files documents or pleadings beyond the prescribed period, they must file a delay condonation application under Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963.
The applicant must show sufficient cause for the delay (e.g., illness, unavoidable circumstances).

જો કોઇ પક્ષ નક્કી સમય પછી દસ્તાવેજો કે જવાબ રજૂ કરે છે તો તેને લિમિટેશન એક્ટ, 1963ની કલમ 5 હેઠળ મોડું પડ્યાનું અરજીપત્ર કરવું પડે છે. તેમાં વિલંબનું પૂરતું કારણ દર્શાવવું જરૂરી છે (જેમ કે બિમારી, અનિવાર્ય પરિસ્થિતિઓ વગેરે).


5. Interim Relief (અસ્થાયી રાહત / તાત્કાલિક રાહત)

During pendency of a civil suit, the plaintiff may seek temporary or interim relief to prevent irreparable loss or damage.
These reliefs are governed by Order 39, Rules 1 & 2 of CPC, and include:

  • Temporary Injunction (સ્થાયી પ્રતિબંધ)

  • Status Quo Order (સ્થિતિ યથાવત રાખવાનો આદેશ)

  • Appointment of Receiver (રિસિવર ની નિયુક્તિ)

  • Attachment Before Judgment (ન્યાય પહેલાં મિલ્કત અટકાવવી)

  • Temporary Possession Protection (અસ્થાયી કબજો સુરક્ષા)

The court may grant interim relief if the plaintiff proves:

  1. Prima facie case (પ્રથમ નજરે હક)

  2. Balance of convenience (સુવિધાનો તોલ)

  3. Irreparable injury (અપૂરવ નુકશાન)

જ્યારે દાવો કોર્ટમાં ચાલુ હોય ત્યારે ફરિયાદી ક્યારેક અસ્થાયી રાહત માગી શકે છે જેથી તેને અપૂરવ નુકશાન ન થાય. આવી રાહત CPCના ઓર્ડર 39, નિયમ 1 અને 2 હેઠળ આપવામાં આવે છે.
તેમાં તાત્કાલિક પ્રતિબંધક આદેશ, સ્થિતિ યથાવત રાખવાનો આદેશ, રિસિવર ની નિયુક્તિ, અને મિલ્કત અટકાવવી જેવી રાહતો સામેલ છે.


6. Post-Judgment Stages (જજમેંટ આવી ગયા પછીના તબક્કા)

StageEnglish DescriptionGujarati Description
AppealFiled under Section 96 CPC within 90 daysકલમ 96 હેઠળ 90 દિવસમાં અપીલ કરી શકાય છે
ExecutionFor enforcing the decree (Order 21 CPC)હુકમનામાની અમલવારી માટે અરજી
Review / RevisionUnder Section 114 & 115 CPCસમીક્ષા કે સુધારાની અરજી
Stay ApplicationTo stay execution of decreeહુકમનામાની અમલવારી રોકવા માટે

7. Example of Regular Civil Suit with Delay and Interim Relief

English Example:
Suppose a plaintiff files a suit for ownership and possession of property after 2 years delay due to illness. He submits a delay condonation application under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. Along with the plaint, he also files an interim injunction application (Order 39, Rule 1 & 2 CPC) to restrain the defendant from selling or transferring the disputed property. The court hears both applications — if satisfied, it condones the delay and grants interim relief until final judgment.

Gujarati Example:
ધારણરૂપે, ફરિયાદી મિલ્કતના માલિકી અને કબજાના દાવામાં 2 વર્ષના વિલંબ પછી દાવો કરે છે કારણ કે તે બીમાર હતો. તે લિમિટેશન એક્ટની કલમ 5 હેઠળ મોડું પડ્યાનું અરજીપત્ર કરે છે. તે સાથે CPCના ઓર્ડર 39 હેઠળ અસ્થાયી પ્રતિબંધક આદેશ માગે છે કે પ્રતિવાદી વિવાદિત મિલ્કત વેચી ન શકે. કોર્ટ બંને અરજી પર સુનાવણી કરીને યોગ્ય જણાય તો વિલંબ માફ કરે છે અને અંતિમ ન્યાય સુધી અસ્થાયી રાહત આપે છે.


8. Important Legal Provisions (મહત્વપૂર્ણ કાનૂની કલમો)

ProvisionDescriptionGujarati
Section 9 CPCJurisdiction of Civil Courtsનાગરિક અદાલતોની અધિકારક્ષેત્ર
Order 7 Rule 1Contents of Plaintદાવાના વિગતો
Order 8 Rule 1Written Statementપ્રતિવાદીનો લેખિત જવાબ
Order 39 Rules 1–2Temporary Injunctionઅસ્થાયી પ્રતિબંધક આદેશ
Section 5 Limitation ActDelay Condonationવિલંબ માફી
Section 96 CPCAppealઅપીલની પ્રક્રિયા

Legal Words and Definitions


Plaintiff

A plaintiff is the individual or party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint in a civil court, seeking legal relief or remedy against a defendant for a claimed wrong or violation of their rights.


Defendant

The defendant is the party against whom a lawsuit is filed. They are required to respond to the plaintiff’s allegations and may present their defense in court.


Pleadings

Pleadings are formal written statements submitted by parties in a civil case, including the complaint, written statements, and replies, outlining claims, defenses, and legal arguments.


Injunction

An injunction is a court order directing a party to perform or refrain from performing a specific act, often used to prevent irreparable harm or maintain the status quo.


Summons

A summons is a legal document issued by a court, notifying a defendant about the initiation of legal proceedings and requiring their appearance to respond to the claims.


Affidavit

An affidavit is a written statement sworn under oath or affirmation, used as evidence in court proceedings to verify facts or provide testimony.


Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to hear and decide a case, determined by geographical area, subject matter, or monetary value involved in the dispute.


Evidence

Evidence includes documents, witness testimony, and other materials presented in court to establish facts and prove or disprove claims in a legal dispute.


Damages

Damages refer to monetary compensation awarded by a court to a plaintiff for the harm, loss, or injury suffered due to the defendant’s actions or negligence.


Mediation

Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution process where a neutral third party helps conflicting parties negotiate and reach a mutually acceptable agreement.


Arbitration

Arbitration is a private dispute resolution method where an arbitrator hears the case and delivers a binding decision, often used as an alternative to court trials.


Judgment

A judgment is the final decision of a court in a legal case, resolving the issues and determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved.


Relief

Relief refers to the remedy or compensation granted by a court to a plaintiff, such as damages, injunctions, or declarations, to address a legal wrong.


Appeal

An appeal is a legal process where a higher court is asked to review and possibly overturn the decision of a lower court based on errors or injustice.


Partition

Partition refers to the division of property among co-owners or joint owners, either by mutual agreement or through a court order when disputes arise.


Suit for Declaration

A suit for declaration is filed to seek a court’s judgment on a legal right or status, often clarifying ownership, title, or rights related to property.


Title Deed

A title deed is a legal document that serves as evidence of ownership of property, outlining details of the transfer and rights associated with the property.


Ownership

Ownership is the legal right to possess, use, and transfer property, granting the holder exclusive control over the asset.


Easement

An easement is a legal right granted to a person to use another’s land for a specific purpose, such as access or utility lines, without owning it.


Encumbrance

Encumbrance refers to a claim, lien, or liability attached to a property, such as a mortgage or unpaid taxes, that may affect its transferability.


Possession

Possession is the physical control or occupancy of a property, which may or may not indicate legal ownership.


Mortgage

A mortgage is a legal agreement where a property is used as security for a loan, giving the lender rights over the property in case of default.


Lease Agreement

A lease agreement is a contract between a property owner and a tenant, allowing temporary use of the property in exchange for rent.


Sale Deed

A sale deed is a legal document that finalizes the transfer of ownership of property from the seller to the buyer.


Agreement to Sell

An agreement to sell is a preliminary contract outlining the terms and conditions of a property sale, executed before the sale deed.


Adverse Possession

Adverse possession is a legal principle where someone who occupies property without permission for a prescribed period may claim ownership.


Mutation

Mutation is the process of updating land or property records in the revenue department to reflect changes in ownership after a transfer.


Boundary Dispute

A boundary dispute arises when two or more parties disagree on the legal boundaries or ownership of adjoining properties.


Partition Suit

A partition suit is filed in court to divide jointly owned property among co-owners when mutual agreement on division is not possible.


Land Revenue

Land revenue refers to the tax or fee collected by the government on land use, often used for maintaining land records and services.


Property Rights

Property rights define the legal ownership, control, and use of property, including rights to sell, lease, or inherit the asset.


Specific Performance

Specific performance is a legal remedy where a court orders a party to fulfill their obligations under a contract, commonly in property disputes.


Tenancy

Tenancy refers to the legal relationship between a landlord and tenant, granting the tenant the right to use the property under agreed terms.


Trespass

Trespass is the unlawful entry onto another person’s property without permission, violating their rights to possession and control.


Acquisition

Acquisition is the legal process of obtaining ownership of property, often through purchase, inheritance, or government acquisition for public purposes.


Encroachment

Encroachment occurs when one party unlawfully intrudes on another’s property, such as by extending structures or fencing onto neighboring land.


Advocates

Advocates are licensed professionals who represent clients in legal matters across courts, offering expertise and advocacy.


Lawyers

Lawyers provide legal advice, represent clients in courts, and draft legal documents, ensuring justice for all.


Law Firm

An organization of lawyers providing legal services, advice, and representation to individuals and businesses.


Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is a prominent city in Gujarat, India, known for its legal hubs, courts, and skilled lawyers handling a wide range of cases.


Amdavad

Commonly known as Ahmedabad, it is the largest city in Gujarat, India, known for its rich cultural heritage, legal institutions, business centers, and the Gujarat High Court.


Gujarat

Gujarat, a western Indian state, boasts a robust judicial system with high courts, district courts, and tribunals addressing diverse cases.


Bharat

The traditional and constitutional name of India, representing the Republic of India, a sovereign democratic nation with diverse cultures, languages, and a strong legal and constitutional framework.


India

India, a democratic nation, has a comprehensive judiciary comprising Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts ensuring justice nationwide.



Categories Criminal Cases

Mihir Rajesh Shah vs. the State of Maharashtra, Supreme Court Judgement | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Mihir Rajesh Shah vs. the State of Maharashtra, Supreme Court Judgement | Advocate Paresh M Modi | Arrest is ill-legal, if the reason of arrest not given in Writing to the Accused


Here is a summary of the latest judgment of the Supreme Court of India (SC) in a case involving a hit-and-run accident and the obligation of police to furnish written grounds of arrest. This judgment is of direct relevance to both hit-and-run offences and the procedural rights of an accused.


Key Facts

  • The lead case is Mihir Rajesh Shah vs. the State of Maharashtra & Anr., arising from a fatal hit-and-run incident on 7 July 2024. A BMW allegedly driven by the appellant struck a scooter in the Worli area of Mumbai, dragged the victim (a woman) on the bonnet, then fled without rendering assistance or reporting the matter.

  • FIR No. 378/2024 was registered; the appellant was arrested on 9 July 2024 based on CCTV, Fastag data and other evidence.

  • The appellant challenged his arrest (and remand) on the ground that the grounds of arrest were not communicated in writing. The Bombay High Court acknowledged a procedural lapse but upheld the arrest because the appellant had evaded arrest and was aware of the gravity of the offence.


Legal Issue

The SC was asked to decide whether, under Article 22(1) of the Constitution of India and Section 47 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (“BNSS”), the “grounds of arrest” must always be communicated in writing in the language understood by the arrested person — in every case, including ordinary offences (such as under the old IPC or BNS) and not only under special statutes.


Holding of the Court

The Supreme Court held as follows:

  1. The constitutional requirement under Article 22(1) (that the person arrested must be informed of the grounds of arrest at the time of arrest) is mandatory in all cases, under all statutes, including the BNSS/IPC/BNS.

  2. The mode of communication must be meaningful. Mere oral reading out of the grounds is not sufficient to comply with the constitutional safeguard.

  3. Hence, the Court ruled that the grounds of arrest must be furnished in writing, in the language that the arrestee understands.

  4. Recognising practical difficulties, the Court allowed for an exception in exigent/fla­grante dolci cases (offences caught in the very act) where immediate written grounds may not be possible. However, for such cases the written grounds must be furnished no later than two hours prior to the accused being produced before the Magistrate for remand.

  5. If the procedural mandate is not complied with, the arrest is rendered illegal, and the person must be released forthwith (or be eligible for bail) even if other statutory restrictions exist.


Implications for Hit-and-Run & Related Cases

  • In a hit-and-run case like this one, the SC reaffirmed that no special “looser standard” applies merely because the offence is grave or involves bodily harm or property damage. The same procedural safeguards apply.

  • Thus, even in cases involving serious offences (e.g., vehicular homicide/accident + fleeing the scene), the police must furnish written grounds of arrest in the language of the accused and ensure compliance before remand.

  • For defence lawyers, this decision opens up a procedural ground: if written grounds were not given (or given too late), you may argue that the arrest is vitiated — potentially affecting remand, bail or challenge of custody.

  • For prosecutors/police, the judgment reinforces the duty to maintain contemporaneous records (arrest memo, written grounds, time stamp) and to ensure the accused receives the grounds in writing and understands them.


Practical Takeaways for Advocates (e.g., in Gujarat/Ahmedabad Context)

Given your interest in advocacy work by Paresh M. Modi in Gujarat:

  • If you are handling a case where an accused is arrested in a hit-and-run or vehicular offence, make sure you ask whether the grounds of arrest were furnished in writing and in the language understood by the accused.

  • If they were only communicated orally (or never in writing) the arrest might be challenged as illegal under Article 22(1).

  • Check the arrest memo and remand order: was there mention of written grounds? If the Magistrate granted remand without verifying the written grounds, that may be a procedural lapse.

  • Even when dealing with serious offences (accidents with death, hit-and-run), the procedural rights are non-derogable: you can press for relief if non-compliance is established.

  • For the state side (investigation), ensure compliance by preparing the written grounds, giving them to the accused, annotating the time and language of furnishing, and producing that as part of the remand proceedings.


Limitations & Scope

  • The judgment deals only with the procedural guarantee of informing grounds of arrest. It does not itself decide the merits of the hit-and-run case (liability, guilt, evidence) in the Shah matter.

  • It allows for a narrow exception (fla­grante dolci/exigency) where immediate written grounds are not possible — but still requires written grounds before remand. So the “exception” is not carte blanche.

  • The judgment emphasises that non-compliance renders the arrest illegal, but this does not necessarily vitiate the entire investigation, charge-sheet or trial. The police can still proceed; but the custody/remand portion becomes vulnerable.


Conclusion

In short: the Supreme Court has strengthened the procedural rights of arrested persons by making it mandatory, with very limited exceptions, for the police to furnish written grounds of arrest in a language the accused understands. This applies even to serious offences such as hit-and-runs. Failure to comply will render the arrest illegal and provide a ground for defence challenge.


મિહિર રાજેશ શાહ વિરુદ્ધ મહારાષ્ટ્ર રાજ્ય, સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટનો ચુકાદો | એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી | જો ધરપકડનું કારણ આરોપીને લેખિતમાં આપવામાં ન આવ્યું હોય તો ધરપકડ ગેરકાનૂની છે


અહીં નીચે સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટ ઓફ ઈન્ડિયા દ્વારા તાજેતરમાં આપેલા મહત્વપૂર્ણ નિર્ણયનો ગુજરાતી ભાષામાં વિગતવાર સારાંશ આપેલ છે — જેમાં “હિટ એન્ડ રન” અકસ્માત કેસ અને “જામીન કે ધરપકડ પહેલાં આરોપીને લેખિત રૂપે માહિતી આપવાની ફરજ” વિષયમાં સ્પષ્ટ માર્ગદર્શન આપવામાં આવ્યું છે.


કેસનું નામ અને પરિસ્થિતિ

કેસનું નામ: મિહિર રાજેશ શાહ વર્સેસ સ્ટેટ ઓફ મહારાષ્ટ્ર એન્ડ અનર.
ઘટના: 7 જુલાઈ 2024ના રોજ મુંબઈના વોર્લી વિસ્તારમાં થયેલ એક BMW હિટ એન્ડ રન અકસ્માતમાં સ્કૂટર પર સવાર મહિલાનું મોત થયું.
આ BMW ચલાવતો આરોપી સ્થળ પરથી ભાગી ગયો અને મદદ કર્યા વિના પલાયન કર્યો.
આ અંગે Worli પોલીસ સ્ટેશનમાં FIR નંબર 378/2024 નોંધવામાં આવી.
CCTV ફૂટેજ, FASTag ડેટા વગેરે આધારે આરોપીને 9 જુલાઈ 2024ના રોજ ધરપકડ કરવામાં આવી.

આરોપીએ સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટમાં અપીલ કરતા દલીલ કરી કે – ધરપકડ વખતે પોલીસ દ્વારા તેને “લેખિત રૂપે ધરપકડના કારણો” જણાવવામાં આવ્યા ન હતા, જે તેની બંધારણીય હકની ઉલ્લંઘના છે.


કાનૂની મુદ્દો

સવાલ એ હતો કે —
ભારતના બંધારણના કલમ 22(1) અને ભારતીય નાગરિક સુરક્ષા સંહિતા (BNSS), 2023 હેઠળ
ધરપકડના કારણો લેખિત રૂપે આપવાં ફરજિયાત છે કે નહીં, અને તે બધા પ્રકારના ગુનાઓમાં લાગુ પડે છે કે ફક્ત ખાસ કાયદાઓ (જેમ કે ED, NDPS વગેરે) માટે?


સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટનો મહત્વપૂર્ણ નિર્ણય

સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટએ 7 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2025ના રોજ આપેલા નિર્ણયમાં નીચે મુજબના મહત્વપૂર્ણ નિર્દેશ આપ્યા:

  1. બંધારણની કલમ 22(1) મુજબ “કોઈ પણ વ્યક્તિને ધરપકડ કરતી વેળાએ તેને ધરપકડના કારણોની જાણ કરવી ફરજિયાત છે” — આ જોગવાઈ બધા કાયદાઓમાં સમાન રીતે લાગુ પડે છે (BNSS, BNS, IPC, વગેરે).

  2. માત્ર મૌખિક રીતે જણાવવું પૂરતું નથી.
    ધરપકડના કારણો લેખિત રૂપે આપવાં જોઈએ, અને એ તે ભાષામાં આપવાં જોઈએ જે આરોપી સમજે છે.

  3. અતિ તાત્કાલિક પરિસ્થિતિમાં (જેમ કે ફ્લેગ્રેન્ટ ડિલિક્ટો – ગુનો સ્થળે જ પકડાતો હોય) જો તરત લેખિત માહિતી આપવી શક્ય ન હોય,
    તો પણ એ માહિતી મૅજિસ્ટ્રેટ સમક્ષ રિમાન્ડ માટે રજૂ કરતા ઓછામાં ઓછી બે કલાક પહેલાં લેખિતમાં આપવી ફરજિયાત છે.

  4. જો આ પ્રક્રિયાનો પાલન ન થાય, તો ધરપકડ ગેરકાયદેસર ગણાશે, અને આરોપીને તરત મુક્ત કરવો અથવા જામીન મળવો જોઈએ.


હિટ એન્ડ રન કેસ માટેના પ્રભાવ

  • આ નિર્ણય અનુસાર, “હિટ એન્ડ રન” જેવા ગંભીર ગુનામાં પણ પ્રક્રિયાત્મક હકો સમાન રીતે લાગુ પડે છે.

  • પોલીસે ગુનો ગંભીર હોવાનું કારણ બતાવીને લખિત માહિતી આપ્યા વિના ધરપકડ કરી શકતી નથી.

  • જો લેખિત માહિતી ન આપવામાં આવી હોય, તો આરોપી અથવા તેનો વકીલ ધરપકડને ગેરકાયદેસર જાહેર કરાવવાની અરજી કરી શકે છે.

  • મૅજિસ્ટ્રેટે રિમાન્ડ આપતી વેળાએ તપાસવી ફરજિયાત છે કે લેખિત ધરપકડના કારણો આપવામાં આવ્યા હતા કે નહીં.


વકીલો માટે વ્યવહારુ માર્ગદર્શન (ગુજરાત / અમદાવાદ સંદર્ભે)

એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ. મોદી જેવા ક્રિમિનલ કેસ હેન્ડલ કરનારા વકીલો માટે ઉપયોગી મુદ્દાઓ:

  • કોઈ પણ કેસમાં ધરપકડ થાય ત્યારે પૂછવું કે આરોપીને લેખિત ધરપકડના કારણો મળ્યા હતા કે નહીં.

  • જો ન મળ્યા હોય, તો બંધારણીય હકના ભંગના આધારે કોર્ટમાં રજૂઆત કરી શકાય છે.

  • અરેસ્ટ મેમો”માં લેખિત કારણોનો ઉલ્લેખ અને સમય નોંધાયેલ છે કે નહીં તે ચકાસવું.

  • જો મૅજિસ્ટ્રેટે રિમાન્ડ આપતી વેળાએ તે ચકાસ્યું ન હોય, તો તે પ્રક્રિયાની ભૂલ ગણાશે.

  • પોલીસ માટે ફરજિયાત છે કે તેઓ ધરપકડ સમયે લખિત કારણો આપે અને એ ભાષા સમજી શકાય તેવી હોય.


નિર્ણયનો વ્યાપ અને મર્યાદા

  • આ ચુકાદો ફક્ત ધરપકડની પ્રક્રિયા પર આધારિત છે, ગુનાની “દોષિતતા” કે “અપરાધ સાબિત” વિષે નથી.

  • અપવાદરૂપ પરિસ્થિતિઓમાં તાત્કાલિક ધરપકડ બાદ લેખિત માહિતી આપી શકાય છે, પરંતુ તે પણ મૅજિસ્ટ્રેટ સમક્ષ રજૂ કરતા પહેલાંના 2 કલાક પહેલા આપવી ફરજિયાત છે.

  • જો પ્રક્રિયાનો ભંગ થયો હોય, તો ધરપકડ ગેરકાયદેસર ગણાશે,
    પરંતુ તપાસ કે ચાર્જશીટ આપમેળે રદ થશે એવું નથી — એ ફક્ત કસ્ટડી અથવા રિમાન્ડને અસર કરે છે.


નિષ્કર્ષ

સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટએ સ્પષ્ટ કર્યું છે કે – “આરોપીને ધરપકડના કારણો લેખિત રૂપે અને સમજી શકાય તેવી ભાષામાં આપવાં ફરજિયાત છે.”

આ નિયમ બધા ગુનાઓમાં,
જેમ કે હિટ એન્ડ રન, સાઈબર ફ્રોડ, ચેક બાઉન્સ, આર્થિક ગુનાઓ, વગેરેમાં સમાન રીતે લાગુ પડે છે.
જો લેખિત માહિતી આપવામાં ન આવી હોય, તો ધરપકડ “ગેરકાયદેસર” ગણાશે અને આરોપીને મુક્ત થવાનો હક મળશે.


Legal words & Definitions


Supreme Court

The highest judicial authority in India, empowered to interpret the Constitution, safeguard fundamental rights, and give final judgments in civil, criminal, and constitutional cases.


Judgement

The final decision or order pronounced by a court after hearing the evidence and arguments of both parties, stating the facts, findings, and legal reasoning.


Mihir Rajesh Shah

The person named as the accused in a recent hit-and-run criminal case decided by the Supreme Court of India in 2025, which clarified the rule of written information before arrest.


Hit and Run

A criminal act where a person causes an accident, usually involving a vehicle, and escapes from the spot without helping the injured person or reporting the matter to the police.


Ahmedabad

A major city in the state of Gujarat, India, known for its commercial, legal, and judicial institutions, including the Gujarat High Court and various district and magistrate courts.


Amdavad

The local or Gujarati name of Ahmedabad City, widely used in day-to-day and regional legal references; represents the same jurisdiction as Ahmedabad.


Gujarat

A western state of India having its own High Court, district courts, and various tribunals; known for active legal practice in civil, criminal, commercial, and property matters.


India

A sovereign democratic republic governed by the Constitution of India, where justice is administered through a hierarchical system of courts.


Mumbai

The capital city of Maharashtra, India, with major courts like the Bombay High Court, Sessions Courts, and Magistrate Courts, dealing with criminal and civil matters.


Advocate

A person qualified and enrolled under the Advocates Act, 1961, authorized to appear, plead, and act on behalf of clients before any court of law.


Advocates

The plural of Advocate; refers to all persons professionally licensed to represent clients in legal proceedings.


Lawyer

A general term used for a person who practices or studies law and may advise, draft documents, or represent clients before a court.


Lawyers

The plural of Lawyer; refers to multiple legal professionals practicing law in various capacities.


Attorney

A person legally empowered to act for another, either through a Power of Attorney or as a professional legal representative in court or legal matters.


Solicitor

A legal practitioner who advises clients, drafts contracts and legal documents, and prepares cases for trial; mainly used in countries following the English legal system.


Barrister

A specialist advocate trained in courtroom representation and higher court pleadings, especially in the United Kingdom and other common law countries.


Barristers

The plural form of Barrister, meaning more than one professional who pleads and argues cases before higher courts.


Vakil

A traditional Indian term meaning legal representative or pleader, historically used before the word “Advocate” became official under the Advocates Act.


High Court

The highest court of justice at the state level in India, vested with powers of appeal, revision, writ jurisdiction, and supervision over lower courts.


Accused

A person formally charged with committing an offence and facing prosecution in a criminal case before a competent court.


Il-legal

Anything that is against the law, prohibited by statute, or done without lawful authority.


Written

Any information or statement expressed in writing, either on paper or electronically, having official or evidentiary value.


Reason

The justification or logical explanation given by a court, authority, or individual for an action, decision, or order.


Magistrates

Judicial officers who conduct preliminary inquiries, issue warrants, and handle criminal cases of lesser gravity at the first level of the judicial system.


Judge

A public judicial officer empowered to hear cases, interpret law, and deliver judgments in a court of law.


Production of Accused

The mandatory presentation of an arrested person before a magistrate within a prescribed period (normally within 24 hours) after arrest.


Court

The legally established institution where justice is administered and disputes are resolved by judges or magistrates in accordance with the law.


Categories Land Revenue Lawyer

Relinquishment of Property Rights Among Family Members in Gujarat: Applicable Stamp Duty & Registration Charges | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Relinquishment of Property Rights Among Family Members in Gujarat: Applicable Stamp Duty & Registration Charges | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Here is the complete revised and detailed response including the professional mention of Advocate Paresh M Modi, who is well-known in Gujarat for handling property law, sale deed registrations, release deeds, and family settlements:

SCENARIO:

Joint Sale Deed is in the name of Father and Son, and now Son wants to relinquish his share in favor of:

  • Father, or

  • Any other family member

CASE 1: Property Purchased Jointly (Not Ancestral)

If the property is not ancestral, but purchased jointly through a registered sale deed by father and son:

  • The property is considered as self-acquired.

  • A Relinquishment Deed or Release Deed will be executed by the son in favor of the father.

🏛️ Applicable Stamp Duty in Gujarat:

As per the Gujarat Stamp Act, 1958:

Type of ReleaseStamp Duty
Between family members (Father-Son, Brother-Sister, etc.)4.9% on market value of relinquished share (3.5% basic + 1.4% surcharge)
Non-family members6% or as per regular conveyance

💰 Registration Charges:

As per Gujarat Registration Act:

  • 1% of market value (subject to a max cap, generally around ₹30,000)

CASE 2: Ancestral Property

If the property is ancestral (inherited through the lineage without sale deed), and son is relinquishing his share:

🏛️ Applicable Stamp Duty:

  • Only fixed nominal stamp duty applies.

  • Generally, ₹100 to ₹300 stamp duty.

📜 Supported by:

  • Gujarat Government Gazette

  • Revenue Department Circulars

  • Gujarat Stamp Act – Article 52 (Release Deed)

Proof of Ancestry is required to claim this fixed duty exemption.

LEGAL REFERENCES

Gujarat Stamp Act, 1958

  • Article 52 – Release or Relinquishment Deed

Indian Registration Act, 1908

  • Section 17 – Documents that need registration

  • Section 23 – Time limit for registration

COURT JUDGMENTS

  1. Nahalchand Laloochand Pvt. Ltd. v. Panchali Co-op. Housing Society Ltd. (2010) – SC: Common areas (like parking) cannot be sold separately.

  2. K. Balakrishnan v. K. Kamalam (2014) – SC: Differentiates between ancestral and self-acquired properties.

Jurisdiction

  • Sub-Registrar Office (SRO) of the property location for valuation & registration

  • Civil Court in Gujarat (if there is a dispute)

  • Office of Advocate Paresh M Modi for drafting, advice, or challenge

BEST LEGAL EXPERT FOR PROPERTY MATTERS IN GUJARAT

🔷 Advocate Paresh M Modi

✅ Known as a top property lawyer in Ahmedabad, Advocate Paresh M Modi has vast experience in:

  • Drafting Sale Deeds, Release Deeds, Gift Deeds, Partition Deeds

  • Title Certificate and Land Search Report

  • Sale Deed Registration and Stamp Duty Consultation

  • Handling ancestral vs self-acquired property disputes

  • Litigation and documentation for property disputes, land titles, and family property settlements

📍 Service Areas: Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Bavla, Dholka, Dhandhuka, Dholera SIR, Bagodara, Rethal, and other parts of Gujarat.

Contact Details of Advocate Paresh M Modi

  • Mobile (WhatsApp only, 9 AM – 9 PM): +91 99250 02031

  • Landline (Office Hours): +91-79-48001468

  • Email: advocatepmmodi@gmail.com

  • Website: www.advocatepmmodi.in

  • Office Address:
    Office No. C/112, Supath-2 Complex,
    Opp. Kohinoor Plaza Hotel, Near Old Wadaj Bus Stand,
    Ashram Road, Ahmedabad – 380013, Gujarat, India.
    (Please call before visiting the office.)

Final Notes:

  • If you’re unsure whether the property is ancestral or jointly purchased, consult with Advocate Paresh M Modi for title verification.

  • He can help you draft and register the proper deed, ensure correct stamp duty, and protect your legal interests.


ગુજરાતમાં પરિવારના સભ્યોમાં મિલકતના અધિકારોનો ત્યાગ: લાગુ સ્ટેમ્પ ડ્યુટી અને નોંધણી શુલ્ક | એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી

પરિસ્થિતિ:

જો કોઈ મિલકત પિતાની અને પુત્રની સંયુક્ત નમાવાળી વેચાણ નોધણી (સેલ ડીડ) હેઠળ ખરીદવામાં આવી છે, અને પુત્ર તેના હિસ્સાની મિલકત પિતાને કે અન્ય કુટુંબના સભ્યને છોડવા માંગે છે, તો…

કેસ ૧: સંયુક્ત રીતે ખરીદેલી મિલકત (વારસાઈ નહિ હોય)

જો મિલકત પિતા અને પુત્રે સંયુક્ત રીતે ખરીદેલી છે અને તે વારસાઈ નથી, તો તે સ્વ-અর্জિત મિલકત ગણાય છે.

આવામાં પુત્ર પોતાનો હિસ્સો પિતાને છોડી દે માટે રિલિન્ક્વિશમેન્ટ ડીડ (અથવા રિલીઝ ડીડ) રજીસ્ટર કરાવવાની જરૂર પડે છે.

🏛️ ગુજરાતમાં લાગુ પડતી સ્ટેમ્પ ડ્યુટી:

ગુજરાત સ્ટેમ્પ એક્ટ, 1958 અનુસાર:

છોડણીનો પ્રકારસ્ટેમ્પ ડ્યુટી
કુટુંબના સભ્યો વચ્ચે (પિતા-પુત્ર, ભાઈ-બહેન વગેરે)છોડવામાં આવેલા હિસ્સાના માર્કેટ વેલ્યુ પર 4.9%
અન્ય લોકોને6% અથવા સંપૂર્ણ વેચાણ સમાન ડ્યુટી

💰 રજીસ્ટ્રેશન ચાર્જ:

  • માર્કેટ વેલ્યુના 1% જેટલું, જેનું મહત્તમ ₹30,000 સુધી મર્યાદિત હોય છે.

કેસ ૨: વારસાઈ મિલકત

જો મિલકત પિતાને તેમના પિતા પાસેથી વારસામાં મળી છે (એટલે કે ancestral property છે) અને પુત્ર પોતાનો હિસ્સો છોડે છે તો:

🏛️ સ્ટેમ્પ ડ્યુટી:

  • માત્ર નામમાત્ર (ફિક્સ) સ્ટેમ્પ ડ્યુટી લાગે છે.

  • સામાન્ય રીતે ₹100 થી ₹300 સુધી.

📜 આધાર:

  • ગુજરાત સરકારના ગઝેટ જાહેરનામા

  • સ્ટેમ્પ એક્ટ હેઠળ આર્ટીકલ 52

  • મ્યુટેશન રેકોર્ડ / વારસાઈ દાખલા દ્વારા મિલકત વારસાઈ છે તે પુરવાર થવું જોઈએ.

કાનૂની કાયદા અને કલમો

ગુજરાત સ્ટેમ્પ એક્ટ, 1958

  • આર્ટિકલ 52 – રિલીઝ ડીડ

“જ્યાં સહમાલિક પોતાનો હિસ્સો બીજા સહમાલિકને છોડી આપે છે, ત્યાં સ્ટેમ્પ ડ્યુટી એ હિસ્સાની મૂલ્ય પર લાગશે.”

ભારતીય રજીસ્ટ્રેશન અધિનિયમ, 1908

  • કલમ 17 – જે દસ્તાવેજોની રજીસ્ટ્રેશન ફરજિયાત છે

  • કલમ 23 – રજીસ્ટ્રેશન માટે સમયમર્યાદા

મહત્વપૂર્ણ ચુકાદા

  1. Nahalchand Laloochand Pvt. Ltd. vs Panchali Co-op. Housing Society Ltd. (2010)

    • કોમન એમેનિટીઝ (જેમ કે પાર્કિંગ) અલગથી વેચી શકાતી નથી.

  2. K. Balakrishnan vs K. Kamalam (2014)

    • વારસાઈ અને સ્વ-અર્જિત મિલકત વચ્ચેનો ફરક સ્પષ્ટ કર્યો.

અધિકારીઓની નોંધ:

  • જમીન સ્થિત સબ-રજીસ્ટ્રાર કચેરી દ્વારા મૂલ્યાંકન અને રજીસ્ટ્રેશન

  • ચુકાદા માટે સિવિલ કોર્ટ અથવા એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી દ્વારા કાયદાકીય માર્ગદર્શન

ગુજરાતના શ્રેષ્ઠ પ્રોપર્ટી વકીલ

🔷 એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી

એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી એ અમદાવાદમાં સ્થિત પ્રખ્યાત પ્રોપર્ટી વકીલ છે. તેઓ વિશિષ્ટ છે:

  • વેચાણ પત્ર (સેલ ડીડ), છોડપત્ર (રિલીઝ ડીડ), ભેટપત્ર (ગિફ્ટ ડીડ), વહેંચણી પત્ર તૈયાર કરવું

  • ટાઇટલ સર્ટિફિકેટ અને જમીન શોધ રિપોર્ટ

  • સ્ટેમ્પ ડ્યુટીની યોગ્ય ગણતરી સાથે વેચાણ પત્રનું રજીસ્ટ્રેશન

  • વારસાઈ અને સંયુક્ત મિલકત સંબંધિત કાયદાકીય વિવાદોનું નિરાકરણ

  • ગુજરાતના વિવિધ શહેરોમાં કેસ હેન્ડલ કરવા માટે જાણીતા છે, જેમ કે અમદાવાદ, ધોળેરા, બાવળા, ધંધૂકા, ગૌતમપુરા, કોટ, રેઠળ, ધોલકા વગેરે.

એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદીના સંપર્ક વિગત

  • 📱 મોબાઇલ (ફક્ત વોટ્સએપ): +91 99250 02031 (સવાર 9 થી રાત 9 વચ્ચે)

  • ☎️ ઓફિસ લૅન્ડલાઇન: +91-79-48001468 (સામાન્ય કાર્ય સમય દરમ્યાન)

  • 📧 ઇમેલ: advocatepmmodi@gmail.com

  • 🌐 વેબસાઇટ: www.advocatepmmodi.in

  • 🏢 ઓફિસ સરનામું:
    ઑફિસ નં. C/112, સુપથ-2 કોમ્પ્લેક્સ,
    કોહિનૂર પ્લાઝા હોટલ સામે, જૂના વાડજ બસ સ્ટેન્ડ નજીક,
    આશ્રમ રોડ, અમદાવાદ – 380013, ગુજરાત
    (મહત્વપૂર્ણ: ઑફિસ આવતાં પહેલાં ફોન પર સંપર્ક કરવો.)

Above all the details are the legal opinion and interpretation of our legal experts, It may be very, Kindy check and confirm with Government officer, Government website and related latest gazatte

Categories Criminal Cases

Small Business Activity in Society, Legal or Illegal? Know the Law, Act, Section, Judgment and interpretation of Top Lawyer | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Small Business Activity in Society, Legal or Illegal? Know the Law, Act, Section, Judgment and interpretation of Top Lawyer | Advocate Paresh M Modi


If a flat member in a Housing Society or Housing Service Society uses their flat for commercial activities such as tuition classes, gruh udyog (home business), ironing (pressing clothes), or sewing work, which increases lift usage or puts extra load on society infrastructure, the situation can lead to legal, practical, and regulatory concerns.

Here’s a detailed breakdown of legal implications, applicable laws, remedies, and court judgments:


1. Legal Framework Applicable

a. Cooperative Societies Act / Rules

  • Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 and the rules thereunder govern housing societies in Gujarat.
  • Society by-laws usually define:
    • Permitted use of flats (residential only).
    • Consequences of unauthorized commercial use.
    • Powers of the managing committee to restrict activities causing nuisance or extra burden.

b. Gujarat Ownership Flats Act, 1973 (also known as Gujarat Apartment Ownership Act)

  • Allows flat owners to own a separate unit with common amenities and outlines rights and duties.
  • Common areas (like lifts) are co-owned and can’t be misused or overused by one member disproportionately.

c. Municipal Laws (e.g., Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Rules)

  • Zoning regulations may prohibit commercial use of residential premises.
  • Running a commercial activity may require a Shop & Establishment License.

2. When Can Society Take Action?

  • If:
    • The activity is commercial in nature and violates society by-laws.
    • The lift or common infrastructure is overused, causing wear and tear or maintenance burden.
    • Neighbours raise complaints due to nuisance, noise, or disturbance.
  • The Society can issue a notice to stop or regulate such activity.

3. Key Judgments & Case Laws

a. Bombay High Court – Mohinder Singh v. Housing Society (2011)

  • Running tuition from a flat was deemed not a violation, unless it caused nuisance or infrastructure overuse.
  • Interpretation: Minor or professional use is allowed unless it burdens society.

b. Kamal Mehta v. Housing Society (Mumbai Tribunal)

  • Repeated use of lift for business-related movement (e.g., tailoring goods, clients) allowed the society to:
    • Levy higher maintenance.
    • Issue restraining directions.

c. Rajinder Nagar Co-operative Housing Society Ltd. v. Lt. Governor

  • Activities beyond residential use can be prohibited by society if not specifically permitted in by-laws.

4. Remedies & Solutions

For Society:

  • Issue a written warning citing violation of by-laws.
  • Call a General Body Meeting (GBM) and pass a resolution.
  • Levy extra maintenance charges or non-occupancy charges, as per by-laws.
  • If continued, issue a legal notice or file a complaint with the Registrar of Co-operative Societies.
  • Can also move civil court or cooperative court for injunction.

For Member (Flat Owner):

  • If the activity is home-based, minimal, and not causing nuisance, the member can:
    • Justify under Article 19(1)(g) – Right to carry on occupation.
    • Argue that it’s a residential-compatible profession (like tuition).
  • Apply for society’s prior written consent if required.
  • Agree to pay higher lift charges or usage charges if society demands reasonably.

5. Practical Solutions

  • Introduce a Lift Usage Policy – more usage = higher charges.
  • Pass by-laws or resolutions to restrict:
    • Commercial use beyond certain hours.
    • Movement of outsiders for business purposes.
  • Encourage flat owners to disclose such activities for transparency.

Conclusion

If activities like tuition or gruh udyog are causing extra lift usage or inconvenience, society has the right to regulate, restrict, or impose additional charges under its by-laws, Cooperative Societies Act, and municipal zoning rules. However, small-scale professions (like home tuitions or stitching) may not be entirely illegal, especially if they don’t cause nuisance.


Legal Words and Definitions


Lawyers

Legal professionals providing advice and representation in legal matters.


Advocates

Qualified lawyers authorized to represent clients in court.


Barristers

Specialized lawyers who primarily argue cases in higher courts.


Attorneys

Legal representatives handling client matters in legal and business affairs.


Ahmedabad

A major city in Gujarat, India, known for legal and commercial activities.


Gujarat

A state in India with specific legal frameworks governing various matters.


India

A country with a structured legal system based on statutory and case laws.


Society

An organized group of individuals with legal recognition and regulations.


Housing

Residential property-related legal matters, including ownership and tenancy.


Co-operative

A legally registered entity for mutual benefits, often in housing or businesses.


Disputes

Legal conflicts requiring resolution through litigation or settlement.


Matters

Legal issues requiring attention, representation, or adjudication.


Litigations

Formal legal proceedings in courts regarding disputes.


Near Me

A term used to find legal services within proximity, such as in Ahmedabad.


Near

A term indicating closeness to a location, often used in legal searches.


Housing Society

A legally registered residential community governed by cooperative laws.


Chairman

The elected head of a housing society or legal committee.


Secretary

The official responsible for maintaining records in a legal or housing body.


Committee

A governing body managing legal and administrative affairs of an entity.


Top

A term denoting a highly skilled or reputed professional in a legal field.


Best

An indication of superior expertise and success in legal practice.


Expert

A professional with in-depth legal knowledge in a specific area.


Specialist

A lawyer focused on a particular branch of law with extensive experience.


Advocate Paresh M Modi, based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, is renowned as the best lawyer for housing society disputes under the Gujarat Co-operative Housing Societies Act. With extensive expertise, he handles issues like maintenance disputes, transfer fees, election challenges, misuse of funds, and common area rights. Known for his strategic legal approach and in-depth understanding of co-operative housing laws, he provides effective solutions for society committee matters and member grievances. Advocate Paresh M Modi ensures justice for his clients, representing them in various legal forums, including the Co-operative Court and Registrar’s Office, across Gujarat. Contact for expert legal guidance.


List of districts in Gujarat, where Advocate Modi visit for the Court Cases:

Ahmedabad, Amreli, Anand, Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Botad, Dahod, Dang, Devbhumi Dwarka, Gandhinagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kachchh, Kutch, Kheda, Mahisagar, Mehsana, Morbi, Narmada, Navsari, Panchmahal, Patan, Porbandar, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar, Tapi, Valsad, Vadodara

The name of the main cities of Gujarat, where Advocate Modi provide the legal services:

Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Gandhinagar, Junagadh


Contact Advocate Paresh M Modi

Mobile: +91 9925002031 (Only WhatsApp sms – Timing 9 am to 9 pm)
Office Landline: +91-79-48001468 (For  Appointment Only – Timing 10.30 am to 6.30 pm – On Working Days)
Email: advocatepmmodi@gmail.com
Website: www.advocatepmmodi.in
Office Address: Office No. C/112, Supath-2 Complex, Opp. Kohinoor Plaza Hotel, Near Old Wadaj Bus Stand, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad – 380013, Gujarat, India.


 

Small Business Activity in Society, Legal or Illegal? Know the Law, Act, Section, Judgment and interpretation of Top Lawyer

Categories Co-operative Housing Society Advocate

Can a Co-operative Housing Society charge higher maintenance from a tenant (i.e., Rented flat) than from a flat owner? | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Can a Co-operative Housing Society charge higher maintenance from a tenant (i.e., Rented flat) than from a flat owner? | Advocate Paresh M Modi


No, a co-operative society cannot charge extra maintenance from a tenant as compared to an owner. However, the society may charge “Non-Occupancy Charges”, not exceeding 10% of the service charges, if the flat is given on rent.


Applicable Law and Rules:

1. Model Bye-laws of Co-operative Housing Societies (Gujarat / Maharashtra / etc.)

  • Bye-law 43 (Maharashtra) / Similar in Gujarat

“A member may let out his flat, but the society may levy non-occupancy charges as permitted by law. These charges shall not exceed 10% of the service charges.”


2. Circulars / Guidelines:

  • Maharashtra Govt. Circular (2001) (followed as precedent in other states too):

Non-occupancy charges cannot exceed 10% of the service charges, and societies cannot impose additional or arbitrary maintenance charges from tenants.


Important Judgments:

Monica Co-op Hsg Society vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors (Bombay High Court)

The court held that societies cannot discriminate against tenants by charging them more maintenance. Only non-occupancy charges can be levied from the owner, not the tenant.

Irene Alvares vs. Housing Society – Consumer Court

Charging excessive maintenance from tenants was termed unfair trade practice and the society was directed to refund the excess amount.


Society Cannot:

Illegal ChargesWhy Not Allowed
Extra maintenance from tenantDiscriminatory, not in bye-laws
Entry / access restriction to tenantViolates fundamental rights
Charging amenities more to tenantsArbitrary, can be challenged
Evicting tenant without owner’s consentUnlawful

Society Can:

Legal ChargesConditions
Non-Occupancy ChargesMax 10% of service charges
Clubhouse or special facilitiesIf equal for all users
Penalty if tenant violates society rulesAfter due notice

Remedies for Tenants / Owners:

  1. Send a Legal Notice to the society objecting to excess charges.

  2. File a complaint before the Co-operative Court / Deputy Registrar.

  3. File a complaint before Consumer Forum for refund and compensation.

  4. Seek injunction if society is harassing or restricting tenant.


Conclusion:

Maintenance charges must be equal for all. A tenant cannot be asked to pay more maintenance than what is applicable to the owner. Only reasonable non-occupancy charges (max 10%) may be charged from the flat owner when the flat is rented out.


Contact Advocate Paresh M Modi

In Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Pune, Delhi, For legal consultation or representation in matters of Housing Society, Housing Service Society and Criminal Matters like Anticipatory bail, Regular bail, Discharge Applications, Special Act Cases, FIR Quashing, Cheque Return Cases, or Criminal Appeals and For expert legal advice and services, Advocate Paresh M Modi can be contacted during office hours.

  • Office Landline: 079-48001468 (Time 10:30 AM to 6:30 PM, Monday to Saturday).
  • WhatsApp SMS: 9925002031 (Time 9:00 AM to 9:00 PM).
  • Email: advocatepmmodi@gmail.com.
  • Website: www.advocatepmmodi.in.
  • Office Address: Office No. C/112, Supath-2 Complex, Opp. Kohinoor Plaza Hotel, Near Old Wadaj Bus Stand, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad – 380013, Gujarat, India.

Society Maintenance from Tenant & owner, Discrimination by Society Not Allowed