Categories Criminal Cases, Criminal Lawyer, Legal Disputes

Section 154 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

Section 154 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

(1) Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction and be read over to the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid, shall be signed by the person giving it and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf.

Provided that if the information is given by the woman against whom an offence under section 326A, section 326B, section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 376, section 376A, section 376AB, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376D A, section 376D B), section 376E or section 509 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) is alleged to have been committed or attempted, then such information shall be recorded, by a woman police officer or any woman officer.

Provided further that

(a) in the event that the person against whom an offence under section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 376, ‘[section 376A, section 376AB, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376DA, section 376DB), section 376E or section 509 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) is alleged to have been committed or attempted, is temporarily or • permanently mentally or physically disabled, then such information shall be recorded by a police officer, at the residence of the person seeking to report such offence or at a convenient place of such person’s choice, in the presence of an interpreter or a special educator, as the case may be.

(b) the recording of such information shall be video graphed.

(c) the police officer shall get the statement of the person recorded by a Judicial Magistrate under clause (a) of sub-section (5A) of section 164 as soon as possible.)

(2) A copy of the information as recorded under sub-section (1) shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant.

(3) Any person, aggrieved by a refusal on the part of an officer in charge of a police station to record the information referred to in sub-section (1) may send the substance of such information, in writing and by post, to the Superintendent of Police concerned who, if satisfied that such information discloses the commission of a cognizable offence, shall either investigate the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by any police officer subordinate to him, in the manner provided by this Code and such officer shall have all the powers of an officer in charge of the police station in relation to that offence.

सीआरपीसी की धारा 154 :-

(1) संज्ञेय अपराध के किए जाने से संबंधित प्रत्येक इत्तिला, यदि पुलिस थाने के भारसाधक अधिकारी को मौखिक दी गई है तो उसके द्वारा या उसके निदेशाधीन लेखबद्ध कर ली जाएगी और इत्तिला देने वाले को पढ़कर सुनाई जाएगी और प्रत्येक ऐसी इत्तिला पर, चाहे वह लिखित रूप में दी गई हो या पूर्वोक्त रूप में लेखबद्ध की गई हो, उस व्यक्ति द्वारा हस्ताक्षर किए जाएंगे, जो उसे दे और उसका सार ऐसी पुस्तक में, जो उस अधिकारी द्वारा ऐसे रूप में रखी जाएगी जिसे राज्य सरकार इस निमित्त विहित करे, प्रविष्ट किया जाएगा।

परन्तु यदि किसी स्त्री द्वारा, जिसके विरुद्ध भारतीय दण्ड संहिता (1860 का 45) की धारा 326 क, धारा 326 ख, धारा 354, धारा 354क, धारा 354ख, धारा 354ग, धारा 354घ, धारा 376, धारा 376 क, धारा 376 क ख, धारा 376ख, धारा 376ग, धारा 376 घ, धारा 376 घ क, धारा 376घ ख, धारा 376ङ या धारा 509 के अधीन किसी अपराध के किए जाने या किए जाने का प्रयत्न किए जाने का अभिकथन किया गया है, कोई इत्तिला दी जाती है तो ऐसी इत्तिला किसी महिला पुलिस अधिकारी या किसी महिला अधिकारी द्वारा अभिलिखित की जाएगी |

परन्तु यह और कि:

(क) यदि वह व्यक्ति, जिसके विरुद्ध भारतीय दण्ड संहिता (1860 का 45) की धारा 354, धारा 354क, धारा 354ख, धारा 354ग, धारा 354घ, धारा 376, धारा 376क, धारा 376कख, धारा 376ख, धारा 376ग, धारा 376घ, धारा 376घक, धारा 376घख, धारा 376ङ या धारा 509 के अधीन किसी अपराध के किए जाने का या किए जाने का प्रयत्न किए जाने का अभिकथन किया गया है, अस्थायी या स्थायी रूप से मानसिक या शारीरिक रूप से नि:शक्त है, तो ऐसी इत्तिला किसी पुलिस अधिकारी द्वारा उस व्यक्ति के, जो ऐसे अपराध की रिपोर्ट करने की ईप्सा करता है, निवास-स्थान पर या उस व्यक्ति के विकल्प के किसी सुगम स्थान पर, यथास्थिति, किसी द्विभाषिए या किसी विशेष प्रबोधक की उपस्थिति में अभिलिखित की जाएगी;

(ख) ऐसी इत्तिला के अभिलेखन की वीडियो फिल्म तैयार की जाएगी;

(ग) पुलिस अधिकारी, धारा 164 की उपधारा (5क) के खण्ड (क) के अधीन किसी न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट द्वारा उस व्यक्ति का कथन यथा संभवशीघ्र अभिलिखित कराएगा।

(2) उपधारा (1) के अधीन अभिलिखित इत्तिला की प्रतिलिपि, इत्तिला देने वाले को तत्काल निःशुल्क जाएगी।

(3) कोई व्यक्ति जो किसी पुलिस थाने के भारसाधक अधिकारी के उपधारा (1) में निर्दिष्ट इत्तिला को अभिलिखित करने से इंकार करने से व्यथित है, ऐसी इत्तिला का सार लिखित रूप में और डाक द्वारा संबद्ध पुलिस अधीक्षक को भेज सकता है जो, यदि उसका यह समाधान हो जाता है कि ऐसी इत्तिला से किसी संज्ञेय अपराध का किया जाना प्रकट होता है तो, या तो स्वयं मामले का अन्वेषण करेगा या अपने अधीनस्थ किसी पुलिस अधिकारी द्वारा इस संहिता द्वारा उपबंधित रीति में अन्वेषण किए जाने का निदेश देगा और उस अधिकारी को उस अपराध के संबंध में पुलिस थाने के भारसाधक अधिकारी की सभी शक्तियाँ होंगी।

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Categories Legal Disputes

The Indian Evidence Act 1872 : Section 115 Estoppel

Section 115 Estoppel

When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing.

Illustration

A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and thereby induces B to buy and pay for it.

The land afterwards becomes the property of A, and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title. He must not be allowed to prove his want of title.

धारा 115 विबंध :

जबकि एक व्यक्ति ने अपनी घोषणा, कार्य या लोप द्वारा अन्य व्यक्ति को विश्वास साशय कराया है या कर लेने दिया है कि कोई बात सत्य है और ऐसे विश्वास पर कार्य कराया या करने दिया है, तब न तो उसे और न उसके प्रतिनिधि को अपने और ऐसे व्यक्ति के, या उसके प्रतिनिधि के, बीच किसी वाद या कार्यवाही में उस बात की सत्यता का प्रत्याख्यान करने दिया जाएगा।

दृष्टांत

क साशय और मिथ्या रूप से ख को यह विश्वास करने के लिए प्रेरित करता है कि अमुक भूमिका की है, और तद्द्वारा ख को उसके क्रय करने और उसका मूल्य चुकाने के लिए उत्प्रेरित करता है।

तत्पश्चात भूमि क की सम्पत्ति हो जाती है और क इस आधार पर कि विक्रय के समय उसका उसमें हक नहीं था, विक्रय अपास्त करने की ईप्सा करता है। उसे अपने हक का अभाव साबित नहीं करने दिया जाएगा।

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Categories Legal Disputes

The Indian Evidence Act 1872 : Section 145

Section-145. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing.

A witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him in writing or reduced into writing, and relevant to matters in question, without such writing being shown to him, or being proved; but, if it is intended to contradict him by the writing, his attention must, before the writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it which are to be used for the purpose of contradicting him.

धारा 145 भारतीय साक्ष्य अधिनियम – पूर्वतन लेखबद्ध कथनों के बारे में प्रतिपरीक्षा —

किसी साक्षी की उन पूर्वतन कथनों के बारे में, जो उसने लिखित रूप में किए हैं या जो लेखबद्ध किए गए हैं और जो प्रश्नगत बातों से सुसंगत हैं, ऐसा लेख उसे दिखाए बिना, या ऐसे लेख साबित हुए बिना, प्रतिपरीक्षा की जा सकेगी, किन्तु यदि उस लेख द्वारा उसका खण्डन करने का आशय है तो उस लेख को साबित किए जा सकने के पूर्व उसका ध्यान उस लेख के उन भागों की ओर आकर्षित करना होगा जिनका उपयोग उसका खण्डन करने के प्रयोजन से किया जाना है।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Categories Criminal Cases, Legal Disputes

The Indian Evidence Act 1872

113. Proof of cession of territory.—A notification in the Official Gazette that any portion of British territory has 1[before the commencement of Part III of the Government of India Act, 1935 (26 Geo. 5, ch. 2)] been ceded to any Native State, Prince or Ruler, shall be conclusive proof that a valid cession of such territory took place at the date mentioned in such notification.

113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman.—When the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the Court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband.”
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, “cruelty” shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).

113B. Presumption as to dowry death.—When the question is whether a person has committed the dowry death of a woman and it is shown that soon before her death such woman has been subjected by such person to cruelty or harassment for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, the Court shall presume that such person had caused the dowry death.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, “dowry death” shall have the same meaning as in section 304B, of the Indian Penal Code, (45 of 1860).]

113. राज्यक्षेत्र के अध्यर्पण का सबूत- शासकीय राजपत्र में यह अधिसूचना कि ब्रिटिश राज्यक्षेत्र का कोई भाग किसी भारतीय राज्य, राजा या शासक को गवर्नमेंट आफ इंडिया ऐक्ट 1935 के भाग 3 के प्रारम्भ से पूर्व (26 ज.5, अ.2) अध्यर्पित किया गया है, इस बात का निश्चायक सबूत होगा कि ऐसे राज्यक्षकत्र का ऐसी अधिसूचना में वर्णित तारीख को विधिमान्य अध्यर्पण हुआ।

113-क. किसी विवाहित स्त्री द्वारा आत्महत्या के दुष्प्रेरण के बारे में उपधारणा- जब प्रश्न यह है कि किसी स्त्री द्वारा आत्महत्या का करना उसके पति या उसके पति के किसी नाते दार द्वारा दुष्प्रेरित किया गया है और यह दर्शित किया गया है कि उसने अपने विवाह की तारीख से सात वर्ष की अवधि के भीतर आत्महत्या की थी और यह कि उसके पति या उसके पति के ऐसे ठेकेदार ने उसके प्रति क्रूरता की थी, तो न्यायालय मामले की सभी अन्य परिस्थितियों को ध्यान में रखते हुए यह उपधारणा कर सकेगा कि ऐसी आत्महत्या उसके पति द्वारा दुष्प्रेरित की गई थी।
स्पष्टीकरण- इस धारा के प्रयोजनों के लिए “क्रूरता” का सही अर्थ है, जो भारतीय दण्ड संहिता (1860 का 45) की धारा 498-क में हैं।

113-ख. दहेज मृत्यु के बारे में उपधारणा- जब प्रश्न यह है कि व्यक्ति ने किसी स्त्री की दहेज मृत्यु की है और यह दर्शित किया जाता है कि मृत्यु के कुछ पूर्व ऐसे व्यक्ति ने दहेज की किसी मांग के लिए या उसके सम्बन्ध में उस स्त्री के साथ क्रूरता की थी या उस को तंग किया था तो न्यायालय यह उपधारणा करेगा कि ऐसे व्यक्ति ने दहेज मृत्यु कारित की थी।
स्पष्टीकरण- इस धारा के प्रयोजनों के लिए “दहेज मृत्यु” का सही अर्थ है, जो भारतीय दण्ड संहिता (1860 का 45) की धारा 304 ख में हैं।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Categories Legal Disputes

The Benefits of Mediation in Resolving Legal Disputes

The Benefits of Mediation in Resolving Legal Disputes

In recent years, mediation has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional legal proceedings for resolving disputes. Mediation is a process in which a neutral third party, the mediator, facilitates negotiations between the parties to a dispute in order to help them reach a mutually acceptable agreement.

In this article, we will explore the benefits of mediation as a method for resolving legal disputes. We will examine how mediation can be faster, less expensive, and less stressful than traditional litigation, and how it can provide parties with greater control over the outcome of their dispute.

We will also discuss the role of the mediator in the mediation process, and how their training, experience, and impartiality can help parties reach a mutually beneficial resolution to their dispute.

Furthermore, we will look at the types of disputes that can be effectively resolved through mediation, including family law, employment law, business law, and personal injury cases.

We will also examine the benefits of using mediation in complex, multi-party disputes, where the parties may have different interests and conflicting positions. In these cases, mediation can provide a structured and collaborative process that allows the parties to work together to find a solution that meets everyone’s needs.

Finally, we will provide some practical tips for individuals and businesses considering mediation as a method for resolving their legal disputes. These tips will include advice on how to prepare for mediation, how to choose a mediator, and how to communicate effectively during the mediation process.

Overall, this article will serve as a comprehensive guide to the benefits of mediation as a method for resolving legal disputes. Whether you are a lawyer seeking to educate your clients on this important issue, or an individual or business looking for a better way to resolve a legal dispute, this article will provide valuable insights and practical advice.