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Section 81-a of The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 | Advocate Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Section-81-A of The Indian Evidence Act, 1872- “Presumption as to Gazettes In electronic forms”

The Court shall presume the genuineness of every electronic record purporting to be the official Gazette or purporting to be electronic record directed by any Law to be kept by any person, if such electronic record is kept substantially in the form required by law and is produced form proper custody.

In Gujarat, Ahmedabad City you may get the details of the Indian Evidence Act Section 81 a, from the Best Criminal Advocate Paresh M Modi, he is the top Cheque Bounce Lawyer in Gujarat Ahmedabad, Call Now. 9925002031.

धारा 81-A, भारतीय साक्ष्य अधिनियम – इलेक्ट्रानिक रूप में राजपत्र के बारे में उपधारणा —

न्यायालय, ऐसे प्रत्येक इलेक्ट्रानिक अभिलेख का असली होना उपधारित करेगा, जिसका शासकीय राजपत्र होना तात्पर्यित है या जिसका ऐसा इलेक्ट्रानिक अभिलेख होना तात्पर्यित है, जिसका किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा रखा जाना किसी विधि द्वारा निर्दिष्ट है, यदि ऐसा इलेक्ट्रानिक अभिलेख सारतः उस रूप में रखा गया हो, जो विधि द्वारा अपेक्षित है और उचित अभिरक्षा से पेश किया गया हो।

गुजरात, अहमदाबाद शहर में आप सर्वश्रेष्ठ आपराधिक वकील परेश एम मोदी से भारतीय साक्ष्य अधिनियम धारा 81 ए का विवरण प्राप्त कर सकते हैं, वह गुजरात अहमदाबाद में शीर्ष चेक बाउंस वकील हैं, अभी कॉल करें। 9925002031.

 

કલમ-81-ક. દસ્તાવેજી પુરાવા વિષે- ઇલેકટ્રોનિક સ્વરુપમાં ગેજેટો (રાજપત્રો) વિષે માની લેવા બાબત.

જે ઇલેકટ્રોનિક રેકર્ડ સત્તાવાર રાજપત્ર હોવાનુ અભિપ્રેત હોય અથવા કોઇ કાયદાના આદેશ દ્રારા કોઇ વ્યકિત દ્રારા રાખવામાં આવતા (જાળવવામાં આવતા) હોવાનું અભિપ્રેત હોય, જો તેવા ઇલેકટ્રોનિક રેકર્ડ કાયદા દ્રારા નિર્દિષ્ટ નમુનામાં નોંધપાત્ર રીતે રાખવામાં આવેલા હોય અને યોગ્ય કસ્ટડીમાંથી રજુ કરવામાં આવેલ હોય તો, એવા દરેક ઇલેકટ્રોનિક રેકર્ડ ખરાં હોવાનું ન્યાયાલયે માની લેવું જોઇશે.

ગુજરાત, અમદાવાદ શહેરમાં તમે ભારતીય પુરાવા અધિનિયમ કલમ 81 a ની વિગતો મેળવી શકો છો, શ્રેષ્ઠ ક્રિમિનલ એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી પાસેથી, તેઓ ગુજરાતના ટોચના ચેક બાઉન્સ વકીલ છે અમદાવાદ, હવે કૉલ કરો. 9925002031.

Categories Advocate, Anticipatory Bail Lawyer, Criminal Cases, Criminal Lawyer, Gujarat High Court, Legal Disputes

Arnesh Kumar VS State of Bihar Judgement | Guidelines on Arresting the person | 9925002031 | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Bail Specialist Advocates in Ahmedabad Gujarat| 9925002031 | Criminal Advocate in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Arnesh Kumar VS State of Bihar | Guidelines on Arresting the person | Arneshkumar Judgment

IPC 1860 કલમ 498-A દહેજ પ્રતિબંધ અધિનિયમ, 1961ની કલમ 4 સાથે વાચતાં, વ્યક્તિની ધરપકડ કરવા માટેની માર્ગદર્શિકા

અર્નેશ કુમાર વિ. બિહાર રાજ્ય જજમેંટ – વ્યક્તિની ધરપકડ અંગે માર્ગદર્શિકા

ધરપકડ સામે રક્ષણ સંબંધિત જોગવાઈઓ પર ચર્ચા કર્યા પછી, કોર્ટે ધરપકડમાં અનુસરવા માટેની માર્ગદર્શિકા નિર્ધારિત કરી. ઓનરેબલ સુપ્રીમ કોર્ટે નિર્દેશ આપ્યો-

1) તમામ રાજ્ય સરકારો તેના પોલીસ અધિકારીઓને સૂચના આપે કે જ્યારે IPCની કલમ 498-A હેઠળ કેસ નોંધવામાં આવે ત્યારે આપમેળે ધરપકડ ન કરવી, પરંતુ કલમ 41, CrPC માંથી વહેતા ઉપરોક્ત માપદંડો હેઠળ ધરપકડની જરૂરિયાત વિશે પોતાને સંતોષવા

2) તમામ પોલીસ અધિકારીઓને કલમ 41(1)(b)(ii) હેઠળ ઉલ્લેખિત પેટા કલમો ધરાવતી ચેક લિસ્ટ પ્રદાન કરવામાં આવે; પોલીસ અધિકારીએ આરોપીને વધુ અટકાયત માટે મેજિસ્ટ્રેટ સમક્ષ ફોરવર્ડ/રજૂ કરતી વખતે, યોગ્ય રીતે ફાઇલ કરેલ ચેક લિસ્ટ ફોરવર્ડ કરશે અને ધરપકડની આવશ્યકતા ધરાવતા કારણો અને સામગ્રી રજૂ કરશે;

3) આરોપીની અટકાયતને અધિકૃત કરતી વખતે મેજિસ્ટ્રેટ ઉપરોક્ત શરતોમાં પોલીસ અધિકારી દ્વારા આપવામાં આવેલ અહેવાલનો અભ્યાસ કરશે અને તેનો સંતોષ નોંધ્યા પછી જ, મેજિસ્ટ્રેટ અટકાયતને અધિકૃત કરશે;

4) આરોપીની ધરપકડ ન કરવાનો નિર્ણય, કેસની સંસ્થાની તારીખથી બે અઠવાડિયાની અંદર મેજિસ્ટ્રેટને એક નકલ સાથે મેજિસ્ટ્રેટને મોકલવામાં આવશે, જે લેખિતમાં નોંધવાના કારણોસર જિલ્લાના પોલીસ અધિક્ષક દ્વારા લંબાવવામાં આવી શકે છે.

5) CrPC ની કલમ 41-A ના સંદર્ભમાં આરોપીને કેસની સ્થાપનાની તારીખથી બે અઠવાડિયાની અંદર હાજર થવાની સૂચના આપવામાં આવે છે, જે લેખિતમાં નોંધવાના કારણો માટે જિલ્લાના પોલીસ અધિક્ષક દ્વારા લંબાવવામાં આવી શકે છે;

6) ઉપરોક્ત નિર્દેશોનું પાલન કરવામાં નિષ્ફળતા સંબંધિત પોલીસ અધિકારીઓને વિભાગીય કાર્યવાહી માટે જવાબદાર ઠેરવવા ઉપરાંત, તેઓ પ્રાદેશિક અધિકારક્ષેત્ર ધરાવતી હાઈકોર્ટ સમક્ષ કોર્ટના તિરસ્કાર માટે પણ સજાને પાત્ર રહેશે.

7) સંબંધિત ન્યાયિક મેજિસ્ટ્રેટ દ્વારા ઉપરોક્ત કારણો નોંધ્યા વિના અટકાયતને અધિકૃત કરવી યોગ્ય હાઈકોર્ટ દ્વારા ખાતાકીય કાર્યવાહી માટે જવાબદાર રહેશે.

 

Note: ઉપરોક્ત નિર્દેશો ફકત I.P.C.ની કલમ 498-A અથવા દહેજ નિષેધ અધિનિયમની કલમ 4 હેઠળના કેસોને જ લાગુ પડશે નહીં પરંતુ એવા કિસ્સાઓ કે જેમાં ગુનો સાત વર્ષથી ઓછી અથવા સાત વર્ષ સુધી લંબાવી શકે તેવી મુદત માટે દંડ સાથે કે વગર કેદની સજાને પાત્ર છે. તેને પણ લાગુ પડશે.

 

ચેતવણી: કૃપા કરીને સ્પષ્ટ સમજણ માટે મૂળ સ્રોત અથવા મૂળ ચુકાદાનો સંદર્ભ લો અને હંમેશા મૂળ સ્રોત અને મૂળ નકલ અથવા ચુકાદાની સત્તાવાર નકલનો ઉપયોગ કરો, અહીં મેં મારી સમજણ મુજબ શબ્દો મૂક્યા છે, અમે કોઈપણ શરતોમાં માલિકીનો દાવો કરી રહ્યા નથી અને અમે આ બ્લોગના કોઈપણ ક્લાયન્ટ અથવા એડવોકેટ અથવા રીડર દ્વારા કોઈપણ પ્રકારનો દુરુપયોગ કરવાનું ક્યારેય પસંદ નથી કરતા- એડવોકેટ પરેશ એમ મોદી, ગુજરાતના જામીન નિષ્ણાત વકીલ, અમદાવાદ ખાતે રહેતા, મો. 9925002031

 

Anticipatory Bail Lawyers in Ahmedabad | 9925002031 | Advocate in Ahmedabad | Advocate Paresh M Modi

Arnesh Kumar VS State of Bihar | Guidelines on Arresting the person | Arneshkumar Judgment

IPC 1860 Section 498-A Read with the Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar- Guidelines on Arrest

Guidelines for arresting a person

After discussing the provisions related to safeguard against arrest, the court laid down guidelines to be followed in arrest. The court directed-

1) All the State Governments to instruct its police officers not to automatically arrest when a case under Section 498-A of the IPC is registered but to satisfy themselves about the necessity for arrest under the parameters laid down above flowing from Section 41, CrPC

2) All police officers be provided with a check list containing specified sub- clauses under Section 41(1)(b)(ii); The police officer shall forward the check list duly filed and furnish the reasons and materials which necessitated the arrest, while forwarding/producing the accused before the Magistrate for further detention;

3) The Magistrate while authorizing detention of the accused shall peruse the report furnished by the police officer in terms aforesaid and only after recording its satisfaction, the Magistrate will authorise detention;

4) The decision not to arrest an accused, be forwarded to the Magistrate within two weeks from the date of the institution of the case with a copy to the Magistrate which may be extended by the Superintendent of police of the district for the reasons to be recorded in writing;

5) Notice of appearance in terms of Section 41-A of CrPC be served on the accused within two weeks from the date of institution of the case, which may be extended by the Superintendent of Police of the District for the reasons to be recorded in writing;

6) Failure to comply with the directions aforesaid shall apart from rendering the police officers concerned liable for departmental action, they shall also be liable to be punished for contempt of court to be instituted before High Court having territorial jurisdiction.

7) Authorizing detention without recording reasons as aforesaid by the judicial Magistrate concerned shall be liable for departmental action by the appropriate High Court.

Note: The directions aforesaid shall not only apply to the cases under Section 498-A of the I.P.C. or Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, the case in hand, but also such cases where offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may be less than seven years or which may extend to seven years; whether with or without fine.

Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014) was a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that dealt with the issue of automatic arrests under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which relates to dowry harassment cases. The judgment laid down several significant points, which can be categorized as follows:

 

Category: A – Legal Safeguards and Due Process

1. **Misuse of Section 498A:** The court acknowledged the rampant misuse of Section 498A by disgruntled wives and their families to harass and blackmail their husbands and in-laws.

2. **Protection against Arrest:** The judgment emphasized that the police should not carry out automatic arrests in cases under Section 498A without conducting a preliminary investigation to verify the veracity of the complaint.

3. **Need for Prima Facie Case:** The court emphasized the importance of establishing a prima facie case of dowry harassment before making any arrest, ensuring that innocent individuals are not subjected to unnecessary detention.

4. **Judicial Scrutiny:** It was emphasized that the police should not treat every complaint under Section 498A as a gospel truth and that there should be judicial scrutiny before any arrest is made.

 

Category: B – Judicial Discretion and Guidelines

5. **Direction to Police:** The court directed the police to follow certain guidelines before making an arrest under Section 498A, ensuring that the fundamental rights of the accused are not violated.

6. **Mandatory Mediation:** The court recommended mandatory mediation as a first step in resolving matrimonial disputes before resorting to legal action.

 

Category: C – Gender Neutrality and Equality Before Law

7. **Protection against Misuse:** The judgment highlighted the need to protect innocent individuals, including husbands and their families, from false and malicious allegations under Section 498A.

8. **Gender-Neutral Laws:** It stressed the importance of gender-neutral laws and equal treatment under the law, emphasizing that both men and women should be protected from domestic violence and harassment.

 

Category: D – Presumption of Innocence and Fair Trial

9. **Presumption of Innocence:** The court reiterated the principle of ‘innocent until proven guilty,’ emphasizing that every person accused of an offense is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.

10. **Right to Fair Trial:** It underscored the importance of ensuring a fair trial and due process for all parties involved in criminal cases, including those related to dowry harassment.

 

Overall, the Arnesh Kumar judgment aimed to strike a balance between protecting the rights of women against dowry harassment while also preventing the abuse of legal provisions to harass innocent individuals. It emphasized the need for fair investigation, judicial scrutiny, and protection of fundamental rights in cases related to dowry harassment.

 

Warning: Please refer the original source or original judgment for clear understanding and always use the original source and original copy or official copy of the judgment, here I have put the words as per my understanding, we are not claiming the ownership in any conditions and we never prefer the any type misuse to be done by any client or Advocate or reader of this blog- Advocate Paresh M Modi, Bail Specialist Lawyer in Gujarat, Staying at Ahmedabad, Mo. 9925002031

 

Best Criminal Advocate in Gujarat for Bail Matters | 9925002031 | Anticipatory Bail Regular Bail Lawyer Gujarat

Arnesh Kumar VS State of Bihar | Guidelines on Arresting the person | Arneshkumar Judgment

आईपीसी 1860 धारा 498-ए दहेज निषेध अधिनियम, 1961 की धारा 4 के साथ पढ़ें,

अरनेश कुमार बनाम बिहार राज्य- गिरफ्तारी पर दिशानिर्देश

किसी व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार करने के लिए दिशानिर्देश

गिरफ्तारी से बचाव संबंधी प्रावधानों पर चर्चा के बाद अदालत ने गिरफ्तारी में अपनाए जाने वाले दिशानिर्देश तय किए। कोर्ट ने निर्देश दिया-

1) सभी राज्य सरकारें अपने पुलिस अधिकारियों को निर्देश दें कि आईपीसी की धारा 498-ए के तहत मामला दर्ज होने पर स्वचालित रूप से गिरफ्तारी न करें, बल्कि सीआरपीसी की धारा 41 के तहत निर्धारित मापदंडों के तहत गिरफ्तारी की आवश्यकता के बारे में खुद को संतुष्ट करें।

2) सभी पुलिस अधिकारियों को धारा 41(1)(बी)(ii) के तहत निर्दिष्ट उप-खंडों वाली एक चेक सूची प्रदान की जानी चाहिए; पुलिस अधिकारी विधिवत दायर की गई जांच सूची को अग्रेषित करेगा और आगे की हिरासत के लिए मजिस्ट्रेट के समक्ष अभियुक्त को अग्रेषित/पेश करते समय उन कारणों और सामग्रियों को प्रस्तुत करेगा जिनके कारण गिरफ्तारी की आवश्यकता हुई;

3) मजिस्ट्रेट अभियुक्त की हिरासत को अधिकृत करते समय पुलिस अधिकारी द्वारा उपरोक्त शर्तों के अनुसार प्रस्तुत की गई रिपोर्ट का अवलोकन करेगा और उसकी संतुष्टि दर्ज करने के बाद ही मजिस्ट्रेट हिरासत को अधिकृत करेगा;

4) किसी आरोपी को गिरफ्तार न करने का निर्णय, मामले की शुरुआत की तारीख से दो सप्ताह के भीतर मजिस्ट्रेट को भेजा जाएगा, जिसकी एक प्रति मजिस्ट्रेट को दी जाएगी, जिसे जिले के पुलिस अधीक्षक द्वारा कारणों से बढ़ाया जा सकता है। लिखित रूप में दर्ज;

5) सीआरपीसी की धारा 41ए के तहत उपस्थिति की सूचना मामले की शुरुआत की तारीख से दो सप्ताह के भीतर आरोपी को दी जाएगी, जिसे जिले के पुलिस अधीक्षक द्वारा लिखित रूप में दर्ज किए जाने वाले कारणों से बढ़ाया जा सकता है;

6) उपरोक्त निर्देशों का पालन करने में विफलता संबंधित पुलिस अधिकारियों को विभागीय कार्रवाई के लिए उत्तरदायी बनाने के अलावा, क्षेत्रीय क्षेत्राधिकार वाले उच्च न्यायालय के समक्ष स्थापित की जाने वाली अदालत की अवमानना के लिए दंडित किए जाने के लिए भी उत्तरदायी होगी।

7) संबंधित न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट द्वारा उपरोक्त कारण दर्ज किए बिना हिरासत को अधिकृत करने पर उपयुक्त उच्च न्यायालय द्वारा विभागीय कार्रवाई की जाएगी।

नोट: उपरोक्त निर्देश सिर्फ आईपीसी की धारा 498-ए या दहेज निषेध अधिनियम की धारा 4 के तहत मामलों पर लागू नहीं लेकिन ऐसे मामले भी जहां अपराध एक अवधि के लिए कारावास से दंडनीय है जो सात साल से कम हो सकता है या जिसे सात साल तक बढ़ाया जा सकता है; चाहे जुर्माने के साथ हो या बिना जुर्माने केबिना, वो सभी मामलो को ये लागू होगा

 

आर्नेश कुमार के फैसले से निकली बिंदुओं का वर्गीकरण:

 

A श्रेणी: गिरफ्तारी और जेल के अधिकारियों के बारे में:

1. पुलिस को गिरफ्तारी की अनिवार्यता को विचारना चाहिए, और गिरफ्तार करने से पहले उचित समीक्षा करनी चाहिए।

 

B श्रेणी: जजों और कोर्ट के बारे में:**
1. गिरफ्तार करने के लिए उचित कारणों का सुनिश्चित होना चाहिए और जज को सावधानी से निर्णय लेना चाहिए।

 

C श्रेणी: जनता और मीडिया के लिए:**
1. मीडिया को सम्मान और सतर्कता के साथ समीक्षा करनी चाहिए और अन्यकथाओं को न फैलाना चाहिए।

 

D श्रेणी: विधि विचारकों और कानूनी शिक्षकों के लिए:
1. विधिक प्रक्रियाओं का पालन करना और अनिवार्यताओं का ध्यान रखना चाहिए, ताकि न्यायिक प्रक्रिया को सुचारू और निष्पक्ष बनाया जा सके।

 

चेतावनी: कृपया स्पष्ट समझ के लिए मूल स्रोत या मूल निर्णय देखें और हमेशा मूल स्रोत और मूल प्रति या निर्णय की आधिकारिक प्रति का उपयोग करें, यहां मैंने अपनी समझ के अनुसार शब्द रखे हैं, हम किसी भी स्थिति में स्वामित्व का दावा नहीं कर रहे हैं और हम किसी भी ग्राहक या वकील या इस ब्लॉग के पाठक द्वारा किए जाने वाले किसी भी प्रकार के दुरुपयोग को कभी पसंद नहीं करते हैं- एडवोकेट परेश एम मोदी, गुजरात में जमानत विशेषज्ञ वकील, अहमदाबाद में रहते हुए, मो. 9925002031

Categories Legal Disputes

Section 65B : The Indian Evidence act 1872

Section 65B: Admissibility of electronic records.—

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any information contained in an electronic record which is printed on a paper, stored, recorded or copied in optical or magnetic media produced by a computer (hereinafter referred to as the computer output) shall be deemed to be also a document, if the conditions mentioned in this section are satisfied in relation to the information and computer in question and shall be admissible in any proceedings, without further proof or production of the original, as evidence of any contents of the original or of any fact stated therein of which direct evidence would be admissible.

(2) The conditions referred to in sub-section (1) in respect of a computer output shall be the following, namely:—

(a) the computer output containing the information was produced by the computer during the period over which the computer was used regularly to store or process information for the purposes of any activities regularly carried on over that period by the person having lawful control over the use of the computer;

(b) during the said period, information of the kind contained in the electronic record or of the kind from which the information so contained is derived was regularly fed into the computer in the ordinary course of the said activities;

(c) throughout the material part of the said period, the computer was operating properly or, if not, then in respect of any period in which it was not operating properly or was out of operation during that part of the period, was not such as to affect the electronic record or the accuracy of its contents; and

(d) the information contained in the electronic record reproduces or is derived from such information fed into the computer in the ordinary course of the said activities.

(3) Where over any period, the function of storing or processing information for the purposes of any activities regularly carried on over that period as mentioned in clause (a) of sub-section (2) was regularly performed by computers, whether—

(a) by a combination of computers operating over that period; or

(b) by different computers operating in succession over that period; or

(c) by different combinations of computers operating in succession over that period; or

(d) in any other manner involving the successive operation over that period, in whatever order, of one or more computers and one or more combinations of computers, all the computers used for that purpose during that period shall be treated for the purposes of this section as constituting a single computer; and references in this section to a computer shall be construed accordingly.

(4) In any proceedings where it is desired to give a statement in evidence by virtue of this section, a certificate doing any of the following things, that is to say,—

(a) identifying the electronic record containing the statement and describing the manner in which it was produced;

(b) giving such particulars of any device involved in the production of that electronic record as may be appropriate for the purpose of showing that the electronic record was produced by a computer;

(c) dealing with any of the matters to which the conditions mentioned in sub-section (2) relate, and purporting to be signed by a person occupying a responsible official position in relation to the operation of the relevant device or the management of the relevant activities (whichever is appropriate) shall be evidence of any matter stated in the certificate; and for the purposes of this sub-section it shall be sufficient for a matter to be stated to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person stating it.

(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) infomation shall be taken to be supplied to a computer if it is supplied thereto in any appropriate form and whether it is so supplied directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment;

(b) whether in the course of activities carried on by any official information is supplied with a view to its being stored or processed for the purposes of those activities by a computer operated otherwise than in the course of those activities, that information, if duly supplied to that computer, shall be taken to be supplied to it in the course of those activities;

(c) a computer output shall be taken to have been produced by a computer whether it was produced by it directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment.

Explanation. — For the purposes of this section any reference to information being derived from other information shall be a reference to its being derived therefrom by calculation, comparison or any other process.]

धारा 65B भारतीय साक्ष्य अधिनियम – इलैक्ट्रानिक अभिलेखों की ग्राह्यता —

(1) इस अधिनियम में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, किसी इलैक्ट्रानिक अभिलेख में अंतर्विष्ट किसी सूचना को भी, जो कंप्यूटर द्वारा उत्पादित और किसी कागज पर मुद्रित, प्रकाशीय या चुंबकीय मीडिया में भंडारित, अभिलिखित या नकल की गई हो (जिसे इसमें इसके पश्चात् कंप्यूटर निर्गम कहा गया है), तब एक दस्तावेज समझा जाएगा, यदि प्रश्नगत सूचना और कंप्यूटर के संबंध में, इस धारा में उल्लिखित शर्ते पूरी कर दी जाती है और वह मूल की किसी अंतर्वस्तु या उसमें कथित किसी तथ्य के साक्ष्य के रूप में, जिसका प्रत्यक्ष साक्ष्य ग्राह्य होता, अतिरिक्त सबूत या मूल को पेश किए बिना ही किन्हीं कार्यवाहियों में ग्राह्य होगा।

(2) कंप्यूटर निर्गम की बाबत उपधारा (1) में वर्णित शर्ते निम्नलिखित होंगी, अर्थात् :

(क) सूचना से युक्त कंप्यूटर निर्गम, कंप्यूटर द्वारा उस अवधि के दौरान उत्पादित किया गया था जिसमें उस व्यक्ति द्वारा, जिसका कंप्यूटर के उपयोग पर विधिपूर्ण नियंत्रण था, उस अवधि में नियमित रूप से किए गए किसी क्रियाकलाप के प्रयोजन के लिए, सूचना भंडारित करने या प्रसंस्करण करने के लिए नियमित रूप से कंप्यूटर का उपयोग किया गया था;

(ख) उक्त अवधि के दौरान, इलैक्ट्रानिक अभिलेख में अन्तर्विष्ट किस्म की सूचना या उस किस्म की जिससे इस प्रकार अन्तर्विष्ट सूचना व्युत्पन्न प्राप्त की जाती है, उक्त क्रियाकलापों के सामान्य अनुक्रम में कंप्यूटर में नियमित रूप से भरी गई थी;

(ग) उक्त अवधि के महत्वपूर्ण भाग में अधोपांत, कंप्यूटर समुचित रूप से कार्य कर रहा था अथवा यदि नहीं तो, उस अवधि के उस भाग की बाबत, जिसमें कंप्यूटर समुचित रूप से कार्य नहीं कर रहा था या वह उस अवधि में प्रचालन में नहीं था, ऐसी अवधि नहीं थी जिसमें इलैक्ट्रानिक अभिलेख या उसकी अंतर्वस्तु की शुद्धता प्रभावित होती हो; और

(घ) इलैक्ट्रानिक अभिलेख में अन्तर्विष्ट सूचना ऐसी सूचना से पुनः उत्पादित या व्युत्पन्न की जाती है, जिसे उक्त क्रियाकलापों के सामान्य अनुक्रम में कंप्यूटर में भरा गया था।

(3) जहां किसी अवधि में, उपधारा (2) के खंड (क) में यथा उल्लिखित, उस अवधि के दौरान नियमित रूप से किए गए किन्हीं क्रियाकलापों के प्रयोजनों के लिए सूचना के भंडारण या प्रसंस्करण का कार्य कंप्यूटरों द्वारा नियमित रूप से निष्पादित किया गया था, चाहे वह —

(क) उस अवधि में कंप्यूटरों के प्रचालन के संयोजन द्वारा; या

(ख) उस अवधि में उत्तरोत्तर प्रचालित बिभिन कंप्यूटरों द्वारा; या

(ग) उस अवधि में उत्तरोत्तर प्रचालित कंप्यूटरों के विभिन्न संयोजनों द्वारा; या

(घ) उस अवधि में उत्तरोत्तर प्रचालन को अंतर्वलित करते हुए किसी अन्य रीति में हो, चाहे वह एक या अधिक कंप्यूटरों और एक या अधिक कंप्यूटरों के संयोजनों द्वारा किसी भी क्रम में हो,

उस अवधि के दौरान उस प्रयोजन के लिए उपयोग किए गए सभी कंप्यूटर इस धारा के प्रयोजनों के लिए एकल कंप्यूटर के रूप में माने जाएंगे और इस धारा में कंप्यूटर के प्रति निर्देश का तद्नुसार अर्थ लगाया जाएगा।

(4) किन्हीं कार्यवाहियों में:- जहां इस धारा के आधार पर साक्ष्य में विवरण दिया जाना वांछित है, निम्नलिचिात बातों में से किसी बात को पूरा करते हुए प्रमाण पत्र, अर्थात-

(क) विवरण से युक्त इलैक्ट्राॅनिक अभिलेख की पहचान करना और उस रीति का वर्णन करना जिससे इसका उत्पादन किया गया था;

(ख) उस इलैक्ट्राॅनिक अभिलेख के उत्पादन में अन्तर्वलित किसी युक्ति को ऐसी विशिष्टियां देना, जो यह दर्शित करने के प्रयाजन के लिए समुचित हों कि इलैक्ट्राॅनिक अभिलेचा का कम्प्यूटर द्वारा उत्पादन किया गया था;

(ग) ऐसे विषयों में से किसी पर र्कावाई करना, जिससे उपधारा (2) में उल्लिखित शर्तें संबंधित है, और किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति द्वारा हस्ताक्षर किए जाने के लिए तात्पर्यित होना, जो सुसंगत युक्ति के प्रचालन या सुसंगत क्रियाकलाप के प्रबंध के (जो भी समुचित हों) संबंध में उत्तरदायी पदीय हैसियत में हो, प्रमाणपत्र में कथित किसी विषय का साक्ष्य होगा; और इस उपधारा के प्रयोजनों के लिए किसी ऐसे विषय के लिए यह कथन पर्याप्त होगा कि यह कािन करने वाले व्यक्ति के सर्वोत्तम ज्ञान और विश्वास आधारा पर कहा गया है।

(5) इस धाारा के प्रयोजनों के लिए:-

(क) सूचना किसी कम्प्यूटर को प्रदाय की गई समझी जाएगी यदि यह किसी समूचित रूप में प्रदाय की गई है, चाहे इस प्रकार किया गया प्रदाय सीधे (मानव मध्यक्षेप सहित या रहित) या किसी समुचित उपस्कर के माध्यम द्वारा किया गया हो;

(ख) चाहे किस पदधारी द्वारा किए गए क्रियाकलापों के अनुक्रम में सूचना इसके भंडारित या प्रसंस्कृत किए जाने की दृष्टि से उक्त क्रियाकलापों के अनुक्रम से अन्यथा प्रचालित कम्प्यूटर द्वारा उक्त क्रियाकलापों के प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रदाय की जाती है, वह सूचना, यदि सम्यक् रूप से उस कम्प्यूटर को प्रदाय की जाती है तो, उन क्रियाकलापों के अनुक्रम में प्रदाय की गई समझी जाएगी;

(ग) कम्प्यूटर उत्पाद को कम्प्यूटर द्वारा उत्पादित समझा जाएगा, चाहे यह इसके सीधे उत्पादित हो (मानव मध्यक्षेत सहित या रहित) या किसी समुचित उपस्कर के माध्यम से हो।

स्पष्टीकरण – इस धारा के प्रयोजनों के लिए, अनरू सूचना से व्युत्पन्न की गई सूचना के प्रति कोई निर्देश, परिकलन, तुलना या किसी अन्य प्रक्रिया द्वारा उससे व्युत्पन्न के प्रति निर्देश होगा।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Categories Legal Disputes

Section 18 : The Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 18 : Admission by party to proceeding or his agent —

Statements made by a party to the proceeding, or by an agent to any such party, whom the Court regards, under the circumstances of the case, as expressly or impliedly authorized by him to make them, are admissions.

By suitor in representative character — Statements made by parties to suits, suing or sued in a representative character, are not admissions, unless they were made while the party making them held that character. Statements made by—

(1) Party interested in subject-matter — persons who have any proprietary or pecuniary interest in the subject-matter of the proceeding, and who make the statement in their character of persons so interested, or

(2) Person from whom interest derived — persons from whom the parties to the suit have derived their interest in the subject-matter of the suit, are admissions, if they are made during the continuance of the interest of the persons making the statements.

धारा 18 -स्वीकृति-कार्यवाही के पक्षकार या उसके अभिकर्ता द्वारा-

वे कथन स्वीकृतियां हैं, जिन्हें कार्यवाही के किसी पक्षकार ने किया हो, या ऐसे किसी पक्षकार के ऐसे किसी अभिकर्ता ने किया हो, जिसे मामले कि परिस्थितियों में न्यायालय उन कथनों को करने के लिए उस पक्षकार द्वारा अभिव्यक्त या विवक्षित रूप से प्रधिकृत किया हुआ मानता है।

प््रतिनिधिक रूप से वादकर्ता द्वारा- वाद के ऐसे पद्वाकारों द्वारा, जो प्रतिनिधिक हैसियत में वाद ला रहे हो, किए गए कथन, जब तक िकवे उस समय न किए गए हो जबकि उनको काने वाला पक्षकार वैसी हैसियत धारण करता था, स्वीकृतियां नहीं है।

(1) विषयवस्तु में हितबद्ध पक्षकार द्वारा– ऐसे व्यक्तियों द्वारा किए गए हैं, जिनका कार्यवाही की विषयवस्तु में कोई साम्प्रत्तिक या धन संबंधी हित है और जो इस प्रकार हितबद्ध व्यक्तियों की हैसियत में वह कथन करते है, अथवा

(2) उस व्यक्ति द्वारा जिससे व्युत्पन्न हुआ हो– ऐस व्यक्तियों द्वारा किए गए है।, जिनसे वाद के पक्षकारों का वाद की विषय-वस्तु में अपना हित व्युत्पन्न हुआ है,यदि वे कथन उन्हें करने वाले व्यक्तियों के हित के चालू रहने के दौरान में किए गए है।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram | YouTube

Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Categories Legal Disputes

Section 15 : The Indian Evidence Act 1872

Section 15 : Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional. — When there is a question whether an act was accidental or intentional, 1[or done with a particular knowledge or intention,] the fact that such act formed part of a series of similar occurrences, in each of which the person doing the act was concerned, is relevant.—When there is a question whether an act was accidental or intentional, 1[or done with a particular knowledge or intention,] the fact that such act formed part of a series of similar occurrences, in each of which the person doing the act was concerned, is relevant.”

Illustrations :

(a) A is accused of burning down his house in order to obtain money for which it is insured. The facts that A lived in several houses successively, each of which he insured, in each of which a fire occurred, and after each of which fires A received payment from a different insurance office, are relevant, as tending to show that the fires were not accidental.

(b) A is employed to receive money from the debtors of B. It is A’s duty to make entries in a book showing the amounts received by him. He makes an entry showing that on a particular occasion he received less than he really did receive. The question is, whether this false entry was accidental or intentional. The facts that other entries made by A in the same book are false, and that the false entry is in each case in favour of A, are relevant.

(c) A is accused of fraudulently delivering to B a counterfeit rupee. The question is, whether the delivery of the rupee was accidental. The facts that, soon before or soon after the delivery to B, A delivered counterfeit rupees to C, D and E are relevant, as showing that the delivery to B, was not accidental.

धारा 15 :- कार्य आकस्मिक या साशय था इस प्रश्न पर प्रकाश डालने वाले तथ्य – जबकि प्रष्न यह है कि कार्य आकस्मिक या साशय था या किसी विशिष्ट ज्ञान या आशय से किया गया था, तब यह तथ्य कि ऐसा कार्य समरूप घटनाओं की आवली का भाग था जिनमें से हर एक घटनाके साथ वह ािर्य करने वाला व्यक्ति संपृक्त था, सुसंगत है।

दृष्टान्त-

(क) क पर यह अभियोग है कि अपने गृह के बीमे का धन अभिप्राप्त करने के लिए असने उसे जला दिया।ये तथ्य कि क कई गृहों में एक के पश्चात् दूसरे में रहा, जिनमें से हर एक का उसने बीमा कराया, जिनमें से हर एक में आग लगी और जिन अग्निकांडों में से हर एक के उनपरान्त क को किसी भिन्न बीमा-कार्यालय से बीमा-धन मिला, इस नाते सुसंगत है कि उनसे यह दर्शित होता है कि वे अग्निकांड आकस्मिक नहीं थे।

(ख) ख के ऋणियों से धन प्राप्त करने के लिए क नियोजित है। क का यह कर्तव्य है कि बही में अपने द्वारा प्राप्त राशियां दर्शित प्रविष्टियां करे। वह एक प्रविष्टि करता है निससे यह दर्शित होता है कि किसी विशिष्ट अवसर पर उसे वपास्तव में प्राप्त राशि से कम राशि प्राप्त हुई।प्रश्न यह है कि क्या यह मिथ्या प्रविष्टि आकस्मिक थी या साशय।ये तथ्य की उसी बही में क द्वारा की हुई अन्य प्रविष्टियां मिथ्या हैं और हर एक अवस्था में मिथ्या प्रविष्टि क के पक्ष में है, सुसंगत है।

(ग) ख को कपटपूर्वक कूटकृत रुपया परिदान करने का क अभियुक्त है। प््रश्न यह है कि क्या रुपए का परिदान आकस्मिक था।यह तथ्य कि ख को परिदान के तुरन्त पहले या पीछे क ने ग, घ और ड़ को कूटकृत रुपए परिदान किये थे इस नाते सुसंगत है कि उनसे यह दर्शित होता है कि ख को किया गया परिदान आकस्मिक नहीं था।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram | YouTube

Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.