Legal Disputes

Section 62:- Primary evidence. — Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the Court.

Explanation 1. — Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document; Where a document is executed in counterpart, each counterpart being executed by one or some of the parties only, each counterpart is primary evidence as against the parties executing it.

Explanation 2. — Where a number of documents are all made by one uniform process, as in the case of printing, lithography, or photography, each is primary evidence of the contents of the rest; but, where they are all copies of a common original, they are not primary evidence of the contents of the original.

Illustration: A person is shown to have been in possession of a number of placards, all printed at one time from one original. Any one of the placards is primary evidence of the contents of any other, but no one of them is primary evidence of the contents of the original.

धारा 62.प्राथमिक साक्ष्य – प्राथमिक साक्ष्य कस न्यायालय के निरीक्षण के लिए पेश की गई दस्तावेज स्वयं अभिप्रेत है।

स्पष्टीकरण 1 – जहां कि कोई दस्तावेज कई मूल प्रतियों में निष्पादित है, वहां हर एक मूल प्रति उस दस्तावेज का प्राथमिक साक्ष्य है।जहां कि कोई दस्तावेज प्रतिलेख में निष्पादित है और हर एक प्रतिलेख पक्षकारों में से केवल एक पक्षकार या कुछ पक्षकारों द्वारा निष्पादित किया गया है, वहां हर एक प्रतिलेख उन पक्षकारों के विरुद्ध, उन्होंने उसका निष्पादन किया है, प्राथमिक साक्ष्य है।

स्पष्टीकरण 2 – जहां कि अनेक दस्तावेजें एकरूपात्मक प्रक्रिया द्वारा बनाई गई हैं, जैसा कि मुद्रण, शिलामुद्रण या फोटो-चित्रण में होता है, वहां उनमें से हर एक शेष सब कि अन्तर्वस्तु का प्राथमिक साक्ष्य है, किन्तु जहां कि वे सब किसी सामसन्य मुल की प्रतियां है वहां वे मुल की अन्तर्वस्तु का प्राथमिक साक्ष्य नहीं है।

दृष्टान्त – यह दर्शित किया जाता है। कि एक ही समय एक ही मूल से मुद्रित अनेक पैन कार्ड किसी व्यक्ति के कब्जे में रखे हैं। इन प्ले कार्डों में से कोई भी एक अन्य किसी की भी अंतर्वस्तु का प्राथमिक साक्ष्य है किन्तु उनमें से कोई भी मूल की अंतर्वस्तु का प्राथमिक साक्ष्य नहीं है।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Section 63 Secondary evidence.—Secondary evidence means and includes—

(1) Certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained 1;1;”

(2) Copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves insure the accuracy of the copy, and copies compared with such copies;

(3) Copies made from or compared with the original;

(4) Counterparts of documents as against the parties who did not execute them;

(5) Oral accounts of the contents of a document given by some person who has himself seen it.

Illustration:

(a) A photograph of an original is secondary evidence of its contents, though the two have not been compared, if it is proved that the thing photographed was the original.

(b) A copy compared with a copy of a letter made by a copying machine is secondary evidence of the contents of the letter, if it is shown that the copy made by the copying machine was made from the original.

(c) A copy transcribed from a copy, but afterwards compared with the original, is secondary evidence; but the copy not so compared is not secondary evidence of the original, although the copy from which it was transcribed was compared with the original.

(d) Neither an oral account of a copy compared with the original, nor an oral account of a photograph or machine-copy of the original, is secondary evidence of the original.

धारा-63. द्वितीयक साक्ष्य – द्वितीयक साक्ष्य से अभिप्रेत है और उसके अन्तर्गत आते हैं-

(1) एतस्मिन्प्श्चात अन्तर्विष्ट उपबन्धों के अधीन दी हुई प्रमाणित प्रतियां;

(2) मूल से ऐसी यांत्रिक प्रक्रियाओं द्वारा, जो प्रक्रियाएं स्वयं ही प्रति का शुद्धता सुनिश्चित करती हैं, बनाई गई प्रतियां तथा ऐसी प्रजातियों से तुलना की हुई प्रतिलिपि;

(3) मूल से बनाई गई या तुलना की गई प्रतियां;

(4) उन पक्षकारों के विरुद्ध, जिन्होंने उन्हें निष्पादित नहीं किया है, दस्तावेजों के प्रतिलेख;

(5) किसी दस्तावेज की अंतर्वस्तु का उस व्यक्ति द्वारा, जिसने सबसे उसे देखा है, दिया हुआ मौखिक वृत्तान्त।

दृष्टान्त-

(क) किसी मूल का फोटोचित्र, यद्यपि दोनों की तुलना न की गई हो तथापि यदि ये साबित किया जाता है कि फोटोचित्र वस्तु मूल थी, उस मूल की अन्तर्वस्तु का द्वितीयक साक्ष्य है।

(ख) किसी पत्र की वह प्रति, जिसकी तलना उस पत्र की, उस प्रति से कर ली गई है जो प्रतिलिपि-यंत्र द्वारा तैयार की गई है, उस पत्र की अन्तर्वस्तु का द्वितीयक साक्ष्य है, यदि यह दर्शित कर दिया जाता है कि प्रतिलिपि-यंत्र द्वारा तैयार की गई प्रति मूल से बनाई गई थी।

(ग) प्रति की नकल करके तैयार की गई किन्तु तत्पश्चात् मूल से तुलना की हुई प्रतिलिपि द्वितीयक साक्ष्य है, किन्तु इस प्रकार तुलना नहीं की हुई प्रति मूल का द्वितीयक साक्ष्य नहीं है, यद्यपि उस प्रति की, जिससे वह नकल की गई है, मूल से तुलना की गई थी।

(घ) न तो मूल से तुलनाकृत प्रति का मौखिक वृत्तान्त और न मूल के किसी फांेटोचित्र या यन्त्रकृत प्रति का मौखिक वृत्तान्त मूल का द्वितीयक साक्ष्य हैं।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Section-14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling. — Facts showing the existence of any state of mind, such as intention, knowledge, good faith, negligence, rashness, ill-will or good-will towards any particular person, or showing the existence of any state of body or bodily feeling, are relevant, when the existence of any such state of mind or body or bodily feeling, is in issue or relevant.

Explanation 1. — A fact relevant as showing the existence of a relevant state of mind must show that the state of mind exists, not generally, but in reference to the particular matter in question.

Explanation 2. — But where, upon the trial of a person accused of an offence, the previous commission by the accused of an offence is relevant within the meaning of this section, the previous conviction of such person shall also be a relevant fact.

धारा 14 – मन या शरीर की दशा शारीरीक संवेदना का अस्तित्व दर्शित करने वाले तथ्य – मन की कोई भी दशा जैसे आशय, ज्ञान, सद्भाव, उपेक्षा, उतावलापन, किसी विशिष्ट व्यक्ति के प्रति वैमनस्य या सदिच्छा दर्शित करने वाले अथवा शरीर की या शारीरिक संवेदना की किसी दशा का अस्तित्व दर्शित करने वाले तथ्य तब सुसंगत हैं, जबकि ऐसा मन की या शरीर की या शारीरिक संवेदन की किसी ऐसी दशा का अस्तित्व विवाद्य या सुसंगत है।

स्पष्टीकरण 1 – जो तथ्य इस नाते सुसंगत है िकवह मन की सुसंगत दशा के अस्तित्व को दर्शित करता है, उससे यह दर्शित होना ही चाहिए कि मन की वह दशा साधारणतः नहीं, अपितु प्रश्नगत विशिष्ट विषय के बारे में, अस्तित्व में है।

स्पष्टीकरण 2 – किन्तु जब किसी अपराध के अभियुक्त व्यक्ति के विचार में इस धारा के अर्थ के अन्तर्गत उस अभियुक्त द्वारा किसी अपराध का कभी पहले किया जाता सुसंगत हो, तब व्यक्ति की पूर्व-दोषसिद्धि भी सुसंगत तथ्य होगी।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

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Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Section-118 Who May Testify — All persons shall be competent to testify unless the Court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by tender years, extreme old age, disease, whether of body or mind, or any other cause of the same kind.

118. कौन साक्ष्य दे सकेगा – सभी व्यक्ति साक्ष्य देने के लिए सक्षम होंगे, जब तक कि न्यायालय का यह विचार न हो कि कोमल वयस, अति वार्धक्य शरीर के या मन के राग या इसी प्रकार के किसी अन्य कारण से वे उनके किए गए प्रश्नों को समझने से या उन प्रश्नों के युक्तियुक्त उत्तर देने से निवारित है।

Explanation — A lunatic is not incompetent to testify, unless he is prevented by his lunacy from understanding the questions put to him and giving rational answers to them.

स्पष्टीकरण – कोई पागल व्यक्ति साक्षर देने के लिए सक्षम नहीं है, जब तक कि वह अपने पागलपन के कारण उससे किए गए प्रश्नों को समझने से या उनके युक्तिसंगत उत्तर देने से निवारित न हो।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram | YouTube

Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.

Section-101 Burden of proof :-

Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist. When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person.
Illustration-

(a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A says B has committed. A must prove that B has committed the crime.

(b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true. A must prove the existence of those facts.

101. सबूत का भार-

जो कोई न्यायालय से ये चाहता है कि वह ऐसे किसी विधिक अधिकार या दयित्व के बारे में निर्णय दे, जो उन तथ्यों के अस्तित्व पर निर्भर है, जिन्हें वह प्राक्ष्यात करता है, उसे साबित करना होगा कि उन तथ्यों का अस्तित्व है।जब कोई व्यक्ति किसी तथ्य का अस्तित्व साबित करने के लिए आबद्ध है तब यह कहा जाता है कि उस व्यक्ति पर सबूत का भार है।

दृष्टान्त-

(क) न्यायालय से चाहता है कि वह ख को उस अपराध के लिए दण्डित करने का निर्णय दे जिसके बारे में क कहता है कि वह ख ने किया है।क को यह साबित करना होगा कि ख ने वह अपराध किया है।

(ख) क न्यायालय से चाहता है कि न्यायालय उन तथ्यों के कारण, जिन के सत्य होने का वह प्राक्ष्यान और ख प्रत्याख्यान करता हैं यह निर्णय दे कि वह ख के कब्जे में की भूमि का हकदार है।क् को उन तथ्यों का अस्तित्व साबित करना होगा।

Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly regarded advocate based in Ahmedabad, known for his expertise in criminal law. As a distinguished lawyer at the Gujarat High Court, he specializes in a wide range of legal matters, making him a sought-after professional in various areas of law. Some of his notable specializations include handling cases related to cheque bounce, property disputes, cybercrime, court marriages, divorces, debt recovery tribunals (DRT), FIR quashing, land revenue disputes, anticipatory bail, PASA (Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act), family law, civil law, and more. Advocate Paresh M Modi is a highly skilled lawyer practicing at the Gujarat High Court Lawyer in Ahmedabad. With his extensive experience and expertise, He has established himself as a renowned advocate in the region. Stay connected with him on social media for updates:

Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram | YouTube

Follow Advocate Paresh M Modi, the esteemed lawyer, for valuable insights, legal analysis, and engaging discussions. Stay informed about the law and legal developments through his informative content. In the meantime, check out other Information from Home Page, or call us at Landline No: +91-79-48001468 or Phone & WhatsApp No: +91 99250 02031.